WHAT IS A

LITERATURE
What is a LITERATURE?
A LITERATURE is any printed material used for research
reference.
Examples are the following:
 Journals
 Books
 Biographies
 Essays
 Official documents and reports
 Newspaper clippings and featured articles, and
concepts among others
 Online materials from the internet (like Google Scholar
or other online encyclopedia)
For Quantitative Research
Additional literature includes financial statements,
audit report, statistical surveys, feasibility studies,
numerical graphs and such other similar literature
or documents that are numerical and quantitative
in nature.
Reminders / Criteria when Selecting and Citing a
Proper Literature:

Appropriateness of the
Literature.
Is the literature proper or suitable for the
research topic or problem addressed?
Reminders / Criteria when Selecting and Citing a
Proper Literature:

Reliability of the Literature.

Is the source of the literature credible and can be
trusted?
Reminders / Criteria when Selecting and Citing a
Proper Literature:

Identifiable of the Literature.

Is the Literature Identifiable enough for proper
citation?
Reminders / Criteria when Selecting and Citing a
Proper Literature:

Recency of the Literature.

Except for citing literature for classical theories
and important concepts, it is better to cite the
most recent possible literature to be able to
locate the research in the latest trends in the field
of discipline.
WHAT IS A
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
What is a REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE?

Review of Related Literature (RRL) giving

importance to the relatedness of the used
and cited literature. This is the
appropriateness and suitability of various
literature used in research.
Few Definitions of RRL:

A systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for

identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the existing
body of completed and recorded work produced by
researchers, scholars, and practitioners." (Fink 2014:3)

Arlene Fink
Few Definitions of RRL:

A literature review is a synthesis- the combining of

often varied and diverses ideas, forces or factors into
coherent or consistent complex – of the literature of
the topic” (Pan, 2004:1)

Ling Pan
Few Definitions of RRL:

A RRL is the process of collecting, selecting and

reading reference materials including electronic
resources to get relevant information about the
problem under investigation.” (David 2002:30)

Fely David
WHY IS
RRL IMPORTANT
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Scoping and

Levelling
To know the known in order to know the
unknown (knowledge gaps)
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Benchmarking
To gauge the extent and level of generated
knowledge (knowledge generation)
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Mapping
To situate the research with existing knowledge
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Resonation or
Knowledge Reinforcement
To affirm or associate with other literature
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Multiplier
To add knowledge to existing knowledge
Why is RRL Important?

Knowledge Referencing
To attribute and cite other sources of knowledge
WHAT HAPPENS TO A
RESEARCH WITHOUT RRL
What Happens To A Research Without RRL?

A research needs RRL to be scholarly.

Most researchers benefit from RRL in order to locate the value
of adding of knowledge. Without the RRL, the research
maybe obsolete or irrelevant. However, some research design
may need not much RRL, or require no RRL at all.
Good examples are Rapid Appraisals and Action Research.
Both are aimed to generating quick action recommendation
rather than deeper analysis. Another example is Capstone
Research. Where the intention is more on generating
computer or engineering designs. While it can benefit from a
few related literatures, Capstones may not require such.
 V
GOOD RRL
SBAD RRL
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL

Allows for a storyline of the

manuscript, where the
paragraphs are properly
connected to one another. When literature are just
This is the most important enumerated; no connected
characteristics of RRL. at all among them.
Literature helps make sense
of the research
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL

Balance use and
distribution of literature
cited in all chapters of the
manuscript
No storyline in the
manuscript; one paragraph
is not related to one
another. One literature is
not linked to one another.
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL
The cited literatures interact
with one another using the
literature review techniques.
Asymmetry of literature;
literature used are
concentrated only in one
part or chapter of the
manuscript
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL

The researcher also interact

with the cited literature i.e.
as if the research is in
dialogue with the various
authors used in the
manuscript.
More citations (direct
quotations) than attribution
(rephrased literature)
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL

It is excellent to use and

engage with live literature
(authors who are still alive).
If they are contacted by Plagiarized literature
phone or email and made
aware that they are being
cited in the manuscript,
they can happily add some
more materials for use by
the researcher.
 Good RRL vs Bad
RRL

More attributions Literature scarcity and

(rephrased literature) than
citation (direct quotation Literature excessiveness:
too many literature are used
STEPS IN WRITING RRL
Steps in Writing RRL
1. Identify and narrow down a particular topic to guide the researcher or
students on what literature to find and read.
2. Research and read on the important literature. Prioritize books and journal
articles as sources of literature. The libraries provide a good collection. Internet
resources are also excellent, such as Google Scholar or any other reliable journal
websites by field of discipline.
3. Take down important notes or annotations using the Literature Matrix
Collation. As a rule, always rephrase or para phrase to prevent unintentional
plagiarism. Direct quotations can be used for important lines. Use quotation lines
for direct quotation.
4. Once the literature sources are replete, start drafting a written review or
related literature by connecting or synthesizing various literature materials. Make
a story out of the related literature.
5. Do not forget to attribute or cite sources of literature. All authors in the
main text must be reflected as well as in the references or bibliography.
WHEN DO WE ATTRIBUTE
OR REFER TO A
LITERATURE
What Happens To A Research Without RRL?

As a rule of thumb, any idea borrowed from another author

or writer needs to be attributed or cited properly. Never
claim as one’s own idea if it comes from another source.
To help researcher in deciding when to attribute or cite an idea,
there is a so called Citation Decision Chart advances by
Ling Pan in her book Preparing Literature Reviews:
Qualitative and Quantitative Approach.
What Happens To A Research Without RRL?

Generally, if the idea is an ORIGINAL ONE, there is no need

to attribute or cite.
But if the idea is a COMMON KNOWLEDGE, there is no need
to attribute or cite.
But, if the idea is ORIGINAL, OR RE-PHRASED OR RE-
STATED, it is good to make an attribution for similar ideas
of the other literature. As such, this makes writing related
literature scholarly.
DIFFERENT LITERATURE
REFERENCING STYLE
Different Literature Referencing Style:

Citation Style Discipline Citation System

APA Social sciences Author-date
Harvard Economics Author-date
Vancouver Medicine Numeric
Chicago A Humanities Notation
Chicago B Humanities Author-date
OSCOLA Law Notation
MLA Humanities (esp. Author-page number
language studies)
IEEE Hard sciences (esp. IT) Numeric
Different Literature Referencing Style:

Citation Style Discipline Citation System

Turabian Humanities (esp. Notation
language studies)
Turabian Social sciences Author-date
AMA Medicine Numeric
ACS Chemistry Numeric, Author-page
number and Notation
NLM Medicine Numeric
AAA Social studies Numeric
APSA Political science Author-date

ABNT Technical Studies Numeric, Author-date

END. THANK YOU. GOD
BLESS.