RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Nhóm 1
1.Nguyễn Lê Anh Thuận
2.Huỳnh Lâm Xuân Hoanh
3.Đỗ Đức Phong
4.Lê Thanh Hào
5.Lê Ngọc Đính
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

 Indicates the relationship of the subordinate clause

to the rest of the sentence.

Ex: The woman who is standing near the window

is my teacher.

Relative pronouns A subordinate clause

A relative clause
 A relative clause

Non–defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses

 Describes an object without
having the function of defining
or identifying.
Ex: The house, which was bright
red, has been build.
 Has the function of defining
or identifying the object being
referred to.
Ex: The man who is standing near
the window is a doctor.

 The clause must be placed  The clause is not placed

between commas. between commas.
Relative pronouns:
Who, whom, whose, which, that
 Who: is used as the subject of a verb.
refers to persons.
N (person) + WHO + V + O
Ex: The child who runs the fastest will receive a prize.
My sister, who is studying German, wants to travel to Switzerland.

 Whom: is used as the object of a verb or the object with a preposition

refers to persons.
N (person) + WHOM + S + V
Ex: The girl to whom you sold your skis lives in the next block.
His uncle, to whom we send a birthday card every year, is 19 years old.
That’s the boy with whom I play football.

 Whose: is used as an adjective indicating possession.

refers to persons, things and animals.
N (person, thing, animals) + WHOSE + N + V
Ex: Mr Johnson is the person whose job is to sell the toys.
My cousin, whose family lives in Europe, will visit us for a few weeks.
Relative pronouns:
Who, whom, whose, which, that

 Which: is used as the subject or object of a verb

can refer only to things
N (thing) + WHICH + V + O
N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
Ex: The suitcase which we purchased last week is very strong.
The sack, which was full of rocks, was too heavy to lift.

 That: can replace the position of who, whom, which

used only in defining relative clauses

Ex: The people that were here yesterday will return in a month.
The newspaper that was on the steps belongs to our neighbor.
NOTE

 That is always used after:

o Mixed prefixes (including people and things)
o The indefinite pronouns (one, nobody, each, anyone,
someone, somebody, nothing, etc)
o Negative pronouns ( nobody, no one, none, nothing,
neither, etc)
o Quantifiers pronouns (all, little, much, more, etc)
o The superlative form
o Words: only, the first, the last

Ex: I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.
She is the nicest woman that I've ever met.
Remove relative pronoun

 Reduced relative clauses in the form of nouns or noun

phrases:
When a non-defining relative clause is in the form that
follows, it can be reduced to a noun or noun phrase.

…who/which + be/ linking V + N(Phr)… = …N(Phr)…

Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health

=> Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.

 Reduced relative clauses in the form of preposition

phrases:
A relative clause in the form that follows can be reduced to
a preposition phrase.

… who/which/that + be + Prep.Phr = …Prep.Phr

Ex: Do you like the book which is on the table?

 Do you like the book on the table?
Remove relative clause
 Reduced relative clauses in the form of adjectives or
adjective phrases:
Form 1: A relative clause reduced to an adjective
(phrase),standing right after its antecedent if:
1. its antecedent is an infinite pronoun: something,
someone, anyone,…
2. its antecedent is a proper noun: Sue, David, James…
3. it is a non-definite relative clause with at least two
adjectives.
4. it is a relative clause with the adjective phrase that is in
a complicated form
(containing a noun/noun phrase...), or modifies the be
verb in the negative form.
… who/which/that + be + Adj (Phr) … = … Adj (Phr) …
Ex: I know there is something that is wrong with you
 I know there is something wrong with you.
My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of
the house.
=> My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the
house.
Form 2: A reduced relative clause in the form of an adjective
(phrase), standing right before the noun it modifies.
A relative clause reduced to an adjective (phrase), standing right
before the noun it modifies if it is a non-defining relative clause with
only one single adjective, or a defining relative clause with one or
more than one single adjectives.
…N(,) + who/which/that + be + Adj (Phr)… = … Adj (Phr) + N…
Ex: That lady, who is old, is living in a nursing home.
 That old lady is living in a nursing home.
I buy a hat which is very beautiful and fashionable.
 I buy a very beautiful and fashionable hat.
 Reduced relative clauses in the form of paraphrases:
… who/which/that + have(+/-) + N(Phr)… = …with/ without +
N(Phr)…
Ex: The man likes bikes which has new wheels and tires.
 The man likes bikes with new wheels and tires.
He puts new tires on bikes which don’t have good tires.
 He puts new tires on bikes without good tires.
 Reduced relative clauses in the form of infinitive phrases:
+ Reduced relative clauses in the form of active infinitive phrases:
…the first/ last/ only/ most/…+ N + who/which/that + V(active)+ …
= …the first/ last/ only/ most/…+ N + (for + O) + to Vinf + …
Ex: Tom is the last person who enters the room
 Tom is the last person to enter the room.
+ Reduced relative clauses in the form of passive infinitive phrases:
…the first/ last/ only/ most/…+ N + who/which/that + V(passive)+ …
= …the first/ last/ only/ most/…+ N + to be Vpp + …
Ex: That tree was the only one which was blown down in the storm
last night.
 That tree was the only one to be blown down in the storm last
night.
+ Have/ had:
Ex: I have much homework that I must do
 I have many homework to do.
+ Here (be), there (be):
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today
=> There are six letters to be written today.
 Reduced relative clauses in the form of present participle phrases:
- its main verb is in a progressive tense.
- its main verb expresses a permanent situation, long action or frequent
event.
- its main verb expresses a wish/ hope/desire…
… who/which/that + V(active) +… = …V-ing Phr…
Ex: The student who is singing on the stage comes from my school.
 The student singing on the stage comes from my school.
 Reduced relative clauses in the form of past participle phrases:
A relative clause with the passive form of the main verb can be reduced
to a past participle phrase.
… who/which/that + V(passive) +… = …Vpp Phr…
Ex: The books which were written by Nam Cao are interesting
 The books written by Nam Cao are interesting.
Note: When the relative pronoun acts as an object, you can omit it, and
create a contact clause except the clause after the commas, preposition
or clause with Whose.
Ex: That’s the house (which) I have bought.
Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan.