Statement of Cash Flows- First

Approach

Appendix 6- Introduction to preparation of the

Statement of Cash Flows
 Cash Flow Statement
 Flow statement
 Periodic
 Provides information regarding the liquidity of a firm
 explains the reasons for increase or decrease in cash balance
from one balance sheet date to the next
 classifies the reasons for the change as an operating, investing
or financing activity.
 amount of net income in a period is usually different than the
amount of increase in cash in the same period
 reconciles net income with cash flow from operations.
 Classification of Cash Flows

Operations -- cash flows related to selling goods and

services; that is, the principle business of the firm.
Investing -- cash flows related to the acquisition or sale of
noncurrent assets.
Financing -- long term and short term cash flows related
to liabilities and owners’ equity; dividends are a
financing cash outflow.
What is Cash?
 Cash includes cash and cash equivalents
 Cash equivalents:
 treasury bills maturing in 90 days or less;
 investment funds;
 foreign currency on hand;
 checking account and free savings account
External Uses of CFS
 To assess the ability of a firm to manage cash flows
 To assess the ability of a firm to generate cash
through its operations
 To assess the company’s ability to meet its
obligations and its dividend policy
 To provide information about the effectiveness of the
firm to convert its revenues to cash
 To provide information to estimate or anticipate the
company’s need for additional financing
Internal Uses of CFS
 Along side with cash budget CFS is used:
 To assess liquidity
 Determine if short-term financing is necessary

 To determine dividend policy

 Decide to distribute; or increase or decrease

 To evaluate the investment and financing

decisions
Cash flow from operating
activities
 Examples (IAS No.7):
 cash received from customers through sale of
goods or services performed;
 cash received from non-operating activities such
as dividends from investments, interest revenue,
commissions, and fees;
 cash payments to suppliers or employees;
 cash payments for taxes and other expenses;

In effect, the income statement is changed from

accrual basis to cash basis
Investing Activities
Examples of investing activities include:
 cash payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment
(PPE), other tangible or intangible assets, and other long-term
assets; and sale of such assets
 loans extended to other companies; and collection of such
loans;
Financing Activities
Examples of financing activities are :
 cash received from issuing share capital;
 cash proceeds from issuing bonds, loans, notes,
mortgages and other short or long-term borrowings;
 cash repayment of loans and other borrowings; and
 cash payments to shareholders as dividends.
 Classification of Cash in-flows and outflows
From sales of goods and To wages salary
services to customers payments
From receipt of customer To suppliers for
advances purchases of inventories
Operating Activities
From receipt of interest To other operating
revenue or dividends or expenses
rent revenue or similar To interest payments
revenue items To tax payments
To advance payments to
suppliers
From sale of PPE and other To purchase PPE and
long-term assets other long-term assets
Investing Activities
From collection of loans To make loans and to
collect such loans

From sale of common or

preferred stock Financing Activities To repay debt
From issuance of short To pay dividends
or long term debt
 Format of the Cash Flow Statement

Name of the Company

Cash Flow Statement
For the period …

Cash from operating activities A

Cash from investing activities B
Cash from financing activities C
Net Change in Cash D = (A+B+C) increase or (decrease)
+ Beginning Cash balance CB, from the beginning balance sheet
Ending Cash balance =CB + D should equal to ending cash
balance in the ending balance sheet
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities
Determination of Cash Flows From
Operating Activities

Direct Method
Income Statement items are converted to cash flows
individually

Indirect Method
Net income or loss is adjusted for accruals such as
accounts receivable and payable, and for non-cash
expenses such as depreciation
reconciliation of the accrual based and cash based
accounting
 Comparison of Methods
 Direct method of presentation calculates cash flow from
operations by subtracting cash disbursements to supplies,
employees, and others from cash receipts from customers.
 The indirect method calculates cash flow from operations by
adjusting net income for non-cash revenues and expenses.
 Most firms present their cash flows using the indirect method.

Only operating activities section is different between the

methods, investing and financing sections are the same.
How to prepare cash flow
statement
 Firms could prepare their own cash flow
statement directly from the cash account.
 however, we need two consecutive balance
sheets and the income statement that covers
the period between the two balance sheets
 Algebraic Formulation*

Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity

or A = L + SHE
Assets are either cash (C) or not (Non-Cash)
Thus reorganizing
C + Non Cash Assets (NCA) = L + SE
 C +  NCA =  L +  SE
Where  means the change in the balance of the item
from the previous period.
Solving for change in cash:
 C =  L +  SE -  NCA

Based on Stickney and Weil, 10th ed. Financial Accounting Slides http://www.swlearning.com/accounting/stickney/tenth_edition/stickney.html
 Algebraic Formulation (Cont.)

 C =  L +  SE -  NCA

The change in cash,  C, is the increase or decrease

in the cash account.
This amount must equal changes in liabilities plus
changes in shareholders’ equity minus changes in
assets other than cash.
Thus, we can identify the causes in the change in the
cash account by studying the changes in non-cash
accounts.
 Indirect Method – cash flow from operations
Adjusting Net Income of the period (accrual) to cash
basis income
INCREASE DECREASE
Increase
Increasein innon-cash
non-cash Decrease
Decreaseininnon-cash
non-cash
assets shows that cash
assets shows that cash assets
assetsshows
showsthat
that
Assets was
wasspent,
spent, they
theyprovided
provided cash
cash
so cash outflow.
so cash outflow. so
socash
cashinflow.
inflow.

Increase
Increasein inliabilities
liabilities Decrease in liabilities
Liabilities cash Decrease in liabilities
cashsavings;
savings; or
and increase in SHE cash orSHE
SHEshows
shows
increase in SHE cash cash
Shareholders’ received; cashpaid;
paid;
received; so cash outflow
equity so cash inflow so cash outflow
so cash inflow
Indirect Method- operating activities-
Adjustments to net income

Net income
+ noncash expenses: depreciation, amortization,
uncollectible account expense,etc
+ loss on sale of asset
+ increases in current liabilities
+ decreases in current assets
- gain on sale of asset
- decrease in current liabilities
- increase in current assets

= Cashflow from operating activities

 Noncash Expenses

 Noncash expenses, such as depreciation expense,

are added back – because they were deducted to
measure net income but did not require any cash
payment in the current period
 They are not truly sources of cash, even though
they are associated with cash inflows but reversal
of an accrued expense
 Effects of a Sale of
a Long-Term Assets on Cash Flows
 A few transactions complicate the derivation of a cash
flow statement from a comparative balance sheet, for
example, the sale of a long-term (or fixed) asset.
 Recall the journal entry for the sale of an asset:

Cash nnnn
Accumulated Depreciation nnnn
Asset nnnn
Gain (or loss) on sale nnnn
 Sale of an Asset
 Each of the four parts of the above journal entry require
an adjustment in the cash flow statement.
 The first line, cash, adds a line to the investing section.
 The second line, a debit to accumulated depreciation,
increases the depreciation expense above the change
in the change in the accumulated depreciation account.
 The third line, a credit to the asset, increases the
amount of cash invested in long-lived assets above the
change in the fixed asset accounts.
 The fourth line, a gain or loss, is reversed out in the
operating sections since this is not a cash flow.
 Comparison of Cash Flow to Net
Income
 Net income is an accrual based concept and purports to
show the long-term.
 Cash flows purport to show the short term.
 Consider the outlook for both short-term and long-term and
consider that each is either good or poor.
 A strong growing firm would show both good long-term and
good short-term outlooks.
 A failing firm would show both poor long-term and poor
short term outlooks.
 What about a firm with good cash flows (short-term) but
poor net income (long-term)?
 What about a firm with poor cash flows (short-term) but
good net income (long-term)?