“Bayad ho, makikisuyo.

“Para”
Culture
According to English anthropologist Sir Edward
Burnett Tylor , he defined culture as the complex
whole which encompasses beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
and knowledge that a person learns and shares as
a member of society.
Culture
For Leslie A. White (1995), culture refers to an
organization of phenomena that is dependent upon
symbols and includes acts (patterns of behaviour),
objects (material things), ideas (beliefs and
knowledge, and sentiments (Attitudes and values.
It transcends among different groups, regardless of
age, gender, economic status, and affiliations.
Culture
According to American anthropologist Richley Crapo
(2001), who describes culture as a system of ideas,
feelings, and survival strategies shared in a
particular group.
He claims that culture is the structure that unifies a
human group and gives it an identity as a society.
A good example is provided by Chester HUNT IN HIS STUDY WITH TWO
American and two Filipino Scholars Scoilogy in the Philippine Setting
(1954). The passage says:
To an educated, sophisticated Manilan, a tree may be a natural resource
which provides lumber, shades (or anything that would suffice the latter’s
need). On the other hand, to a Tiruray in the mountains of cotabato or to
a Negrito in the hinterlands of Negros Oriental or Zambales., it may be
viewed as living thing with a spirit differences in the perceptions of things
define reality for people, and often that which governs our actions is not
what we actually see but what we believe. When a group of people believe
in the reality of spirits and omens, then omens and spirits are real to
them and this perception will govern their actions.
Aspects of Culture
Culture has essential characteristics that
need to be acknowledged for anyone to
understand clearly its nature and
dynamism.
Aspect of Culture
One must understand that culture—given that a society is
composed of different people with different characters—is
shared and contested. No culture will be accepted by
everyone in the society. Some will always propagate the
beauty of a certain culture, while some will contest and
question its substance.
Aspects of Culture
Culture, being a complex set of patterned social
interactions, is learned and transmitted through
socialization or enculturation. Cultural elements are
learned rather than acquired, through inheritance or
through ay biological processes thus, reflexes,
instincts, and the like are not part of culture.
Aspects of Culture
 Most people adopt the complexities of culture from the environment
they are in because cultural behaviour and actions can only be
learned through observation, experience, and education. For
example, wearing maong and eating balut and other street food are
assimilated through experience. Others, like kissing the hands of
elders, are taught through generations. This aspect of culture may
be well represented by the saying, “ Birds of the same feather flock
together.”
Aspects of Culture
 Culture also requires language and other forms of communication.
As American anthropologist George Murdock (1949) has pointed out,
what differentiates humans from animals is their ability to
communicate, using complex systems of symbols, storing
knowledge, and transmitting them to the next generations. Just
imagine the difficulty of everyday survival if basic and essential
knowledge are to be discovered and rediscovered by each
generation separately.
Aspects of Culture
Language is a key factor in the success of the human
race in creating and preserving culture. Without
language, the ability to convey ideas and traditions is
impossible.