TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Blaise Bagarinao . Janrie Joseph Deocampo . Jazzy Kathlene Dumable

Mia Ysabella Gaviño . Mary Manuelita Tan
PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
Plasma Membrane Structure
The plasma membrane is mostly made up of phospholipids
1 bilayers. The phospholipids are hydrophilic(water-loving) on
the outside and hydrophobic(water-fearing) on the inside

Due to this characteristic, it only allows hydrophobic(fatty)

2 molecules, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and smaller polar
molecules to enter it.

Other molecules need special membrane proteins to

3 enter and exit the semi-permeable membrane.
Plasma Membrane Structure
Cholesterol and proteins are embedded in or attached to
4
the lipid bilayer.

The cholesterol molecules help the plasma membrane

maintain it’s structure at higher temperatures and lower
5
temperatures.

A cell membrane is also described as a fluid mosaic

due to the mixed composition of the cell membrane and
6
the ability of the bilayer to drift sideways and spin around
their long axis.
 Plasma Membrane Structure
Proteins associated with cell membrane
Plasma Membrane Structure
Proteins associated with cell membrane

Channel Proteins Enzymatic Proteins

Carrier Proteins Junction Proteins

Cell Recognition Proteins

Receptor Proteins
Plasma Membrane Structure
Proteins associated with cell membrane
CHANNEL PROTEINS
- form a channel that allows
substances like hydrogen ions to
flow across the inner mitochondrial
membrane, a process needed for
the synthesis of ATP.
- examples are aquaporins, these
are channel proteins specifically
used to channel water across the
membrane.
CARRIER PROTEINS
- transport molecules by
changing their shape to receive
substances like sodium and
potassium across the plasma
membrane, an important step
that makes possible conduction
of nerve impulse.
Proteins associated with cell membrane
Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins
Plasma Membrane Structure
Proteins associated with cell membrane
CELL RECOGNITION PROTEINS
- are glycoproteins that help the body to
recognize invading pathogens and initiate
immune response
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
- have a shape that allows only
a specific molecule, a
signalling molecule, to bind to
it. Such binding brings about a
coordinated cellular response.
For example, the liver stores
glucose after it is signalled by
insulin.
Plasma Membrane Structure
Proteins associated with cell membrane
ENZYMATIC PROTEINS
- are membrane proteins needed by the
cell to carry out metabolic reactions and
maintain homeostasis.
JUNCTION PROTEINS
- are involved in forming
various types of junctions, like
gap junctions that allow
signalling molecules to pass
through and make ciliated
cells lining the respiratory tract
to beat in unison.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
It regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. It is
where the cell communicates with the outside world.
Hydrophobic substances which is similar to the center of the
phospholipid bilayer can easily diffuse across the membrane without
consuming energy. Polar molecules, which aren’t compatible with the
center of the membrane.
Water is a polar molecule but it can cross the primarily nonpolar
membrane through channel proteins called aquaporins.
Ions such ad sodium and potassium, and polar molecules, such as
glucose and amino acids, can slowly cross a membrane. But when
assisted by specific carrier proteins that can recognize particular
shapes of ions and molecules, they can move quickly across the
membrane.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
 Simple Diffusion
Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules from a higher
1 concentration to a lower concentration, that is down their concentration gradient,
until molecules are distributed equally.
This is a process that results from the random motion of molecules. For
2 instance, when a crystal dye is dropped in water, the molecules of both dye and
water move in different directions, but their net movement, that is the sum of
their motion, is toward the region with lower concentration.
A solution is made up of both solute, usually a solid, and a solvent, usually
3 a liquid. In the dye dropped in the water, the solute is the dye, and the solvent
is the water. Once the solute and solvent are evenly distributed, their
movement continues, but there is no net movement in either direction

4 Concentration gradient means the movement of molecules from high

concentration to low concentration

5 Diffusion occurs due to the constant collision of molecules.

 Simple Diffusion
Factors that Affect the Speed of Mixing between molecules
Simple Diffusion
Factors that Affect the Speed of Mixing between molecules

1 Size
It takes more energy to move bigger molecules, thus, the smaller the size, the
faster the rate of diffusion, vice versa.

2 Temperature
Molecule move faster at high temperature, making them collide more often. Thus,
the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.

Concentration
3
Concentration gradient is the difference in solute concentration between adjacent
regions of solution. Solutes tend to diffuse “down” their concentration gradient, that is,
from a region f higher concentration to one of lower concentration. As the
concentration of a solution increases , the molecules become more crowded, and the
collision between them become more often. Thus, during a given interval of time,
more molecule are bumped out of a region of higher concentration that bumped into
it.
Simple Diffusion
Factors that Affect the Speed of Mixing between molecules

4 Charge
Charged particles of matter (ion or molecule) in a fluid add up to the fluid’s
overall electrical charge. A difference in charge between two regions of the fluid can
influence the rate and direction of diffusion between them. For example, positively-
charge substances like sodium ions will tend to diffuse toward a region with an
overall negative charge.

Pressure
5
A change or difference in pressure between two adjoining regions may affect
the rate and direction of diffusion. Pressure squeezes molecules together, and
more crowded the molecule become, the more frequent molecules collide and
rebound among them, thus the faster the diffusion.
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
(Passive Transport)
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
(Passive Transport)

In passive transport, a transport protein moves substances

from a region of higher concentration to one of the lower
concentration.
In facilitated transport, the solute simply binds to the
transport proteins and gets released to the other side of the
membrane.
FACILITATED TRANSPORT
(Passive Transport)

Passive transport protein moves substances down

their concentration gradient by:

a) Changing its shape when it binds to the

molecule, like glucose and then reverting to its
original shape after releasing the molecule to the
other side of the membrane.
b) Forming permanently open channels through a
membrane.
c) Forming gated channels that open and close in
response to a stimulus such as binding to a
signaling molecule or a shift in electrical charge.
Active Transport
Active Transport
In active transport, substances are moved against their
concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to one
of higher concentration. To make this possible protein uses
energy from ATP to pump a solute against its concentration
gradient.
An example of this is the calcium pump that moves
calcium ions across the cell membrane. This process is
important to maintain the concentration of a particular
solute at a certain level. Calcium ions act as potent
messenger inside cells and they affect the activity of
many enzymes
Bulk/Vesicular Transport
Bulk/Vesicular Transport

This mode of transport involves movement of large particles or even a virus

through a vesicle that is formed when a patch of membrane bulges into the
cytoplasm because the hydrophobic tails of the lipids in the bilayer are repelled
by water on both sides.
 Two Modes of Transit
EXOCYTOSIS
It involves the transport of substances in bulk outside of the cell. A vesicles
formed from the endoplasmic reticulum move son the cell surface, its lipid
bilayer membrane studded with proteins fuses with the plasma membrane, and
then releases its content to the surroundings.

ENDOCYTOSIS
It involves the transport of substances in bulk into the interior of the cell. As
the cell takes up substances in bulk near its outer surface, a small patch of
plasma membrane balloons inward taking extracellular fluid with it. The balloon
move farther into the cytoplasm and then pinches of as vesicle. The vesicle
deliver its contents to an organelle or stores them in a cytoplasmic region.