Week # 4

Tautology
Implications, Equivalence
 SYMBOLS CORRESPONDING ENGLISH WORDS

~ ¬ Not
And
Symbolic
• ^
Logic ν or
⇒⊃→ If …. then
⇔≡↔ If and only if , iff
TAUTOLOGY
A tautology is a compound
proposition that is always true
regardless of the truth values of
the individual propositions.
CONTRADICTION
A contradiction is a compound
proposition that is always false.
IMPLICATION
A conditional statement that is tautology.
P : She loves me
~ P : She loves me not

P ~ P P^~ P
T F F
F T F
 Which of the following logical symbol represents tautology?
a. P V Q b. P V ~ P c. ~ ( P ^ Q )

P ~ P PV~ P
P Q PVQ T F T
T T T F T T
T F T Tautology
F T T P ~ P P^~ P
F F F T F F
Not a tautology F T F
Contradiction
OR (V) The resulting sentence is true if either
or both sentence are true. And (^ ) is only true when both p and q are true
John is at the movies AND John is at the store.
Logical Equivalence
Definition:

• Two sentences are logically equivalent iff they have

same truth value in exactly the same circumstances
(under any possible interpretation / in any possible world).

• denoted as P ≡ Q
Determine if two statements are logically
equivalent

~ (P ν Q ) , ~P^~Q
~ (P ν Q ) , ~ P ^ ~ Q
P Q P ν Q ~ (P ν Q) P ~P Q ~ Q ~P ^ ~ Q

T T T F T F T F F

T F T F T F F T F

F T T F F T T F F

F F F T F T F T T
Therefore

~ (P ν Q ) ≡ ~ P ^ ~ Q
How to test logical equivalency?
1. TRUTH-TABLE METHOD. Make a truth table for both sentences to be
tested, if they have the same truth values at all rows, then they are logically
equivalent. Otherwise they are not.
2. RULES OF LOGICAL EQUIVALENCY RULES:
1. Double negation: ¬¬ P ⇔ P
2. De Morgan Rules: ¬ (P ∧ Q) ⇔ ¬ P ∨ ¬ Q ¬ (P ∨ Q) ⇔ ¬ P ∧ ¬ Q
Negation normal form: “¬” only applies to atomic sentences.

3. Idempotence: P∧P⇔P P∨P⇔P

4. Commutative rules: P∧Q∧R⇔R∧P∧Q
P∨Q∨R⇔Q∨R∨P

5. Association rules: (P ∧ Q) ∧ R ⇔ P ∧ (Q ∧ R)
P ∨ (Q ∨ R) ⇔ (P ∨ Q) ∨ R

6. Distribution rules: P ∧ (Q ∨ R) ⇔ (P ∧ Q) ∨ (P ∧ R)
P ∨ (Q ∧ R) ⇔ (P ∨ Q) ∧ (P ∨ R)
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
A conditional statement is a statement that can be
written in if-then form.

“If _____________, then ______________.”

•If 2( x+5) = 12 , then x = 1.

Conditional Statement
Conditional Statements have two parts:

The hypothesis is the part of a conditional statement that follows “if ”

(when written in if-then form.)
The hypothesis is the given information, or the condition.

The conclusion is the part of an if-then statement that follows “then”

(when written in if-then form.)
The conclusion is the result of the given information.
Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 15
Biconditional


CONDITIONAL : If P then Q P→Q
CONVERSE : If Q then P Q→P
BICONDITIONAL : P↔Q
Writing a Biconditional:
• To write a biconditional, first determine if the what is the
converse of the following true conditional. If the converse is true
then write a biconditional statement

– Conditional: If the sum of the measure of two angles is 180, then the
two angles are supplementary

– Converse: If two angles are supplementary, then the

sum of the measures of the two angles is 180
Writing a Biconditional:

•Biconditional:

– The sum of the measures of the two

angles is 180 if and only if two angles
are supplementary.
Example 2:

Statement:
If an angle is right then it has a measure of 90.

Converse:
If an angle measures 90, then it is a right angle.
Biconditional:
An angle is right if and only if it measures 90.
Let’s Try !
• What is the converse of the following conditional, if the converse is true
write a biconditional statement

If two angles have equal measures,

then the angles are congruent
Let’s Try !
Let p and q represent the following:
1. p: A ray is an angle bisector.
q: A ray divides an angle into two congruent
angles.
2. A teenager is a person who is 13 years old
or older.
3. Zero is an integer between -1 and 1.
Writing a Definition as a
Biconditional: