The Cell Cycle

Why do cells divide?

• For reproduction
▫ asexual reproduction
 one-celled organisms
• For growth
▫ from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism amoeba

• For repair & renewal

▫ replace cells that die
from normal wear &
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tear or from injury

Cell division
• 1.Amitosisdirect division
▫ Direct cell division by simple cleavage of the nucleus,
without spindle formation. No mitotic spindle are seen
▫ no clear phase
▫ Common in single cell microorganism
• 2.Mitosisindirect division
• 3.Meiosisreductive division
▫ In germ cell of organism having sexual reproduction
system.
▫ In a higher organism, cell are divided into somatic cell
and sex cell (germ cell).
▫ Somatic cells divide normally each new cell has
chromosome=parent’s chromosom diploid (2n)
The Cell Cycle
• Body cell type
▫ About 210 types
• Interphase (90% of cycle)
• G1 phase~ growth
• S phase~ synthesis of DNA
• G2 phase~ preparation for
cell division
• Mitotic phase
• • Mitosis~ nuclear division
• • Cytokinesis~ cytoplasm
division
 Cell cycle

time from cell exist until

cell divide
• Ex: Rapidly growing
human cell (20-24h)
• Liver cells 1-2 year
• Neurons 1 only
 Cell cycle-stages

Ex: Rapidly dividing cell (20-

24h)
Mitosis (M1h)
• Interphase
• G1 phase
▫ Cellular growth 9h
▫ Waktu paling bervariasi
▫ Can exit to G0
• The time required for each cycle varydue to the
difference in G1 (3-4h) or until few days, months
and years.
• S and G2 phase generally the same.
• S phase = 7-8h, G2 phase =2-5h
• M phase ~ 1 h
• Ex:
▫ Red blood cells 120 days
▫ Brain Neuron 50-100 years
▫ mammalia cell needs 16h t.d G1=5h S=7h G2=3h M=1h
Cell Cycle-stages

• Mitosis
▫ Cell birth (division)
▫ Small time of cell cycle
• Interphase
▫ 20-24 h
▫ Most cell life
▫ Cell growth, function
▫ DNA synthesis
▫ Organelle development
Cell Division: Key Roles
 11

Chromosome Organization
• When cells divide, daughter cells must each
receive complete copy of DNA
• Each cell has about 2 meters of DNA in the
nucleus; thin threads called chromatin
• Before division, condenses to form chromosomes
• DNA also replicates before cell division to produce
paired chromatids
Interphase-cont
• chromosomes exist in condensed, extended form. (Cell
has a uniform appearance), nucleolus and centriole are
clearly seen.
• Cell Mass double
• At the molecular level : time during which cell growth and
DNA replication occuring in S phase. In contrast RNA is
synthesed in all phase, except at the time where mitosis
take place.
• Under certain condition ex. starvation or when a tissue
reach its final size, cells will stop cycling and remain in a
waiting state called G0. Cells in G0 can reenter the cycle
if conditions change.
Mitosis
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Prophase

 Chromatin condenses
 visible chromosomes
 chromatids
 Centrioles move to opposite
poles of cell
 animal cell
 Protein fibers cross cell to
form mitotic spindle
 microtubules
 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear membrane breaks
down
Prometaphase

▫ spindle fibers attach to

centromeres
 creating kinetochores
▫ microtubules attach at
kinetochores
 connect centromeres
to centrioles
▫ chromosomes begin
moving
Metaphase

• Centrosomes at
opposite poles
• Centromeres are
aligned
• Kinetochores of sister
chromatids attached
to microtubules
(spindle)
Anaphase

 Paired centromeres
separate; sister
chromatids liberated
 Chromosomes move
to opposite poles
 Each pole now has a
complete set of
chromosomes
 Separation of chromatids
• In anaphase, proteins holding together sister
chromatids are inactivated
▫ separate to become individual chromosomes

1 chromosome 2 chromosomes
2 chromatids single-stranded
double-stranded
Telophase

 Daughter nuclei form

 Nuclear envelopes
arise
 Chromatin becomes
less coiled
 Two new nuclei
complete mitosis
 Cytokinesis begins
 cell division
 Cytokinesis

• Cytoplasmic division
• Animals
▫ constriction belt of
actin microfilaments
around equator of cell
 cleavage furrow forms
 splits cell in two
 like tightening a draw
string
Mitosis features

1. Karyokinesis (nucleus division)

▫ Segregation of chromosomes and formation of 2
nuclei

2. Cytokinesis (Cytoplasm division)

▫ Splitting of the cell as a whole into 2  two
distinct progeny cells. the cytoplasm divides
roughly in half in most cases.
Cell changes
• Nucleus
▫ Chromosome condensation
▫ Nuclear envelope breakdown
• Cytoplasm
▫ Cytoskeleton reorganization
 Mitotic spindle formation (MT)
 Contractile ring (MF)
▫ Organelle redistribution
Schematic diagram corresponding to the metaphase cell
 Meiosis (Reductive division)
• occur in the germ cell of organism with generative or sexual
reduction.
• 1x duplication chromosome followed by 2x division produce
haploid cells (n chromosomes)
• Germ cell (sperma or ovum) meet oocyte  grow new
organism with 2xdivisionhaploid (4 sperm for male and 1
ovum+3 polar body for female)
• Gamet production processgametogenesis i.e 2
spermatogenesis (generate sperma) and oogenesis (generate
ovum)
• Meiosis
Comparison between mitosis and
meiosis
• Mitosis progeny • Meiosis progeny
▫ 2 daughter cells identical to ▫ Germ cell division (haploid)
parent (diploid) ▫ Reductive division
▫ Generates gametes
(egg,sperm)
▫ Each genetically distinct from
parent
 Meiosis-first division

• Homologous chromosome
pairing to meiosis
▫ Each chromosome
duplicated (as attached sisters
chromatid before pairing occurs)
• Genetic recombination
▫ Chromosomes pairing
involves crossing over
between homologous
chromosomes
Meiosis are divided into division I dan division II

Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachynema
Diplonema
diakinesis
Prophase I

Division I

prometafaseI
Metafase I
I
Anaphase I
Meiosis Telophase

Interphase
Prophase
Division II
iMetaphase
nAnaphase
ttelophase
e
Meiosis
• Prophase I
▫ Long Prophase occur in which chromosome
pairing and exchange genetic material occur.
▫ Leptonema
 Chromosome appear as a long spindle, thicken in
several places. Chromosome consist of 2 chromatid
▫ Zygonema
 Homolog chromosome pairs
▫ Pachynema
 chromosome become shorter and thicker.
 crossing over of homolog chromatid occur.
 The longest phase in prophase (weeks,years)
▫ Diplonema
 homolog chromosome attach each other but with
incomplete (chiasma, a place where crossing over
occur).
 very long process. Ex. Oocyte is formed in this stage, but it
does not develop to the next phase until the ovulation take place years
after.
▫ Diakinesis
 chromosome shorter, nucleolus dissapear, chiasma
move apart from centromer to the edge of
chromosom.
Meiosis-cont
• Metaphase I
▫ chromosome aligned in the equator
• Anaphase I
▫ Chromatid of each homolog chromosome migrate
toward each pole.
• Telophase I
▫ T begin as chromosome reach the pole.
• Meiosis I result in the formation of cell with
nucleus (spermatocyte II for male and oocyte II with polar body
for female)
• Between meiosis I and meiosis II there is short
interphase, but there is no chromosome
replication, hence nucleus haploid
Meiosis II
• Prophase II
▫ Very short, spindle start to be formed
• Metaphase II
▫ Chromatid align in the equator
• Anaphase II
▫ Chromatid migrate to each pole
• Telophase II
▫ Chromosome reach the pole. But nucleus as a result of
telophase has only a half pair of chromatid.
 Meiosis II - cont

• At the end of telophase, 4 germ cells are produced, each has n

chromosome.
• Spermatogenesis generates 4 spermatozoa out of 1 haploid
mother.
• Oogenesis generates only 1 ovum, polar body become smaller
• Spermatozoa with ovum called zygote with 2n chrom.
• After DNA replication
▫ 2 nuclear & (cell) division required to produce haploid gametes
▫ Each diploid cells in meiosis
 Produces four haploid cells
▫ Each diploid cells mitosis
 Produces two diploid cells
Comparison between Meiosis and Mitosis
Comparison between Mitosis and meiosis
• Mitosis • Meiosis
▫ chromosome 2n ▫ Total chromosome half n
▫ 1x division ▫ 2x division
▫ Occur in somatic and germ ▫ only in germ cell
cells ▫ Long process
▫ quick process
Figure 15.15

Clinical relevance : Downsyndrom

Figure 15.13-3
Meiosis I

Nondisjunction

Meiosis II

Non-
disjunction
Gametes

n1 n1n1 n1 n1 n1 n n

Number of chromosomes
(a)Nondisjunction of homo- (b)Nondisjunction of sister
logous chromosomes in chromatids in meiosis II
meiosis I