Manor Supplementary Notes:

ENZYMES and VITAMINS

Prepared by:
Louie Fernand D. Legaspi, RPh II
Enzymes
 Enzymes
• Common properties
– Colloids that are soluble in water
– Work best at temperatures between 35-40*C
– Activity is dependent on the pH of the medium
– Highly selective
• Follow the principle of lock and key theory
 Enzymes
• Co-enzymes
– Enzymes + other substances such as vitamins or
organic and inorganic substances
– Non-enzyme part of the Co-enzyme is termed as
Co-factor
 Enzymes
• Zymogens or Proenzymes- inactive form of the
enzyme
– Eg pepsinogen

• Apoenzymes
– Protein part of the enzyme
 Carbohydrases
• Amylase and Diastase< Ptyalin>- found in the
salivary glands
• Amylopsin- pancreas
• Invertase
• Zymase- converts CHO to alcohol and CO2
• Emulsin
• Myrosin
 Esterases
• Lipase- hydrolyses fats to glycerol and fatty
acids
• Urease-converts ammonia to urea
 Proteolytic Enzymes
• Pepsin- gastric juice
– In neutral or alkaline environment, it is inactive
– Converts proteins to proteases and peptones
– Proenzyme: Pepsinogen which is activated by HCl

**protein digestion starts in the stomach

 Proteolytic Enzymes
• Trypsin
– Converts proteases and peptones to polypeptides
and amino acids
– Secreted by the pancrease
– Released in the intestines
– Active in an alkaline environment
 Proteolytic Enzymes
• Rennin
– Coagulating enzyme that is present in the mucous
membrane of the stomach of animals
– It curdles the souluble casein in milk
 Enzymes
1. Pepsin- preoteolytic enzymes obtained from
the stomach of Sus scrofa, Suidae
– Use: assist in gastric digestion
2. Pancreatin- substance containing amylase,
lipase and protease
– Obtained from the pancreas of Sus scrofa, Suidae
or Bos taurus, Bovidae
– Use: Digestive aids, ingredient in the predigested
foods for invalids
 Enzymes
3. Papain- latex of Carica papaya, Caricaceae
• Use:
– Relieve symptoms of episiotomy
– Cleaning solutions of soft contact lenses
– Beef tenderizer
 Enzymes
4. Bromelains- mixture of protein-digesting &
milk clotting enzymes from the juice of
Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae
• Use:
– Adjunctive therapy to reduce inflammation &
edema
– Accelarate tissue repair, especially following
episiotomy
 Enzymes
5. Streptokinase- purified bacterial protein
elaborated by Group C B-hemolytic
Streptococci
– Use: Treatment of embolism and thrombosis
6. Urokinase- isolated from urine or from kidey
cells
– Use: Embolism & thrombosis
 Enzymes
7. Sutilains- proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus
subtilis
– Use: Wound Debribement
8. Collagenase- enzyme elaborated by
Clostridium histolyticum
– Use: cleaves collagen and it is used topically to
debride dermal ulcers and severely burned areas
 Enzymes
9. L-Asparaginase- enzymes elaborated by
Escherichia coli
• Use: Antitumor
• MOA: enzyme degrades L-asparagine, results
to the death of cells that require L-asparagine
Vitamins
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin A- Retinol
• Derivatives:
a. Tretinoin or all-trans retinoic acid
– Treatment of acne vulgaris
b. Isotretinoin- severe acne contraindicated to
pregnant women
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
2. Vitamin D- Sunshine vitamin, Antirachitic
Vitamin
• Vitamin D3- cholecalciferol- found in animals
• Vitamin D2- ergocalciferol- found in plants
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
2. Sunshine Vitamin: in light is involved in the
conversion of Provitamin D to D2 & D3

• Provitamins
• 7-dehydrocholesterol → cholecalciferol
• Ergosterol → Ergocalciferol
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
 In the body
Cholecalciferol
Liver
25-hydroxyergocalciferol

1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol/ CALCITRIOL

Most active form

Use: Very essential in the absorption &
utilization of Calcium
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamin D Defficiencies:
• Osteomalacia
• Rickets
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin E: α-tocopherol
– Antioxidant
4. Vitamin K
– Vitamin K1: Phytomadione- occurs in green leafy
vegetables
– Vitamin K2: Prenylmenaquinone-7: from fish
meal
– Vitamin K3: Menadione- synthetic material with
Vitamin K activity
 Fat Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin K
• Vitamin K4- Menadiol- oxidized to menadione

5. Use: Necessary for normal clotting

 Water Soluble Vitamins
1. Vitamin B Complex
1. Vitamin B1: Thiamine
• (Deficiency: Beri-beri)
2. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
3. Vitamin B3: Niacin/ Nicotinic Acid
• (Deficiency: Pellagra)
• 3D
– Dementia
– Dermatitis
– Diarrhea
 Water Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin B6- Pyridoxine
5. Vitamin B9- Folic Acid
– (Deficiency: Megaloblastic Macrocytic anemia)
6. Vitamin B12- Cobalamins
4. Cyanocobalamin- Most stable cobalamin
 Water Soluble Vitamins
• Cyanocobalamin- absorbed through:
1. A diffusion type mechanism
2. An intrinsic factor which is secreted by the
parietal cells of gastric mucosa
• Deficiency:
– Megaloblastic anemia
– Irreversible neurological damage
 Water Soluble Vitamins
2. Dried Yeast
• Yeast- have the ability to metabolize sugar to
alcohol & CO2
• Dried Yeast- Vitamin B supplement
– 120 mcg of Thiamine
– 40mcg Riboflavin
– 300mcg Niacin
 Water Soluble Vitamins
• 2 Types:
– Brewer’s Yeast- Saccharamyces cerevisiae
– Torula Yeast- Candida utilis
 Water Soluble Vitamins
3. Vitamin C/ Ascorbic Acid
• Use:
– Enhance Wound Healing
– Increase Resistance against Infections
– Anti-oxidants
 Water Soluble Vitamins
4. Vitamin H or Biotin
• Defficiency:
– Alopecia
– Seborrheic Dermatitis
– Erythroderma
– Desquamativa
 -end-
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