Factors That Affect Solubility

Solubility
• the maximum amount of solute that
dissolves in a certain amount of a solvent
at a given temperature and pressure to
produce a saturated solution What do we call things
that are not soluble?
• influenced by:
Temperature Pressure

Solids & Liquids increased temperature Solids & Liquids increased pressure
causes them to be more soluble and vice versa has no effect on solubility

Gases increased temperature causes Gases increased pressure causes them

them to be less soluble and vice versa to be more soluble and vice versa
Ex. Iced Coffee Ex. Soda, “The Bends”
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• The SOLUBILITY of a solution is the maximum amount
of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent at specific temperature and pressure.

Examples:
The solubility of sodium chloride (NaCl) at 20°C
is 36g/100 ml water

The solubility of sugar/sucrose (C6H12O6) at 20°C

is 204g/100 ml water

The solubility of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) at 20°C

is 92g/100 ml water
 Concentration

• the amount of solute dissolved in a

solvent at a given temperature
•described as unsaturated/dilute if
it has a low concentration of
solute (you can still add solute)

•described as saturated if it
has a high concentration of
solute (maximum solute)

•described as supersaturated if
contains more dissolved solute
than normally possible (left
undissolved solute)
SOLUBILITY vs. CONCENTRATION

• SOLUBILITY refers to the maximum amount of

solute that dissolves in a certain amount of a solvent
at a given temperature and pressure to produce a
saturated solution

• CONCENTRATION refers to the amount of solute

dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature
 General Classification of
Concentration: Dilute & Concentrated

• DILUTE refers to unsaturated; less

solute dissolved

• CONCENTRATED refers to saturated

and supersaturated
There are several factors that can affect the solubility of a solute in a
solvent.

(a) Nature of Solute and Solvent:

The phrase “like dissolves like” is used to summarize
how well a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
Polarity- tendency to form distinctive, opposing charges based on
chemical bond and structure

- Polar solvents generally dissolve polar

solutes/substances very well.
- Nonpolar solvents generally dissolve nonpolar
solutes/substances very well.
However, polar solvents do not dissolve nonpolar
solutes very well and nonpolar solvents do not
dissolve polar solutes very well.
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Water is a VERY polar solvent. _
_
O
H H
+ +
• Small alcohols are SOMEWHAT polar solvents.
(the fewer carbon atoms the more polar the alcohol
_
Ex. Acetone, ethanol, methanol)
H OH H
H
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―

+ _ H―C―C―C―H
H―C―OH
H H H
H
+
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• large alcohols are SOMEWHAT nonpolar solvents.
(the more carbon atoms the more nonpolar the alcohol
Ex. chloroform) H H H H H
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―
+ H―C―C―C―C―C―OH _
H H H H H
• Hydrocarbons are VERY nonpolar solvents.
H H H H H H
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―
― ―
H―C―C―C―C―C―C―H
H H H H H H
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.

+ - - +

- + + -

+ - - +
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.

+
-

+ -

- + + -

+ - - +
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.

+
-
+
-
+ -
- +

+ - - +
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.

+
-
+ -
+

- +

- +
+ -
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!

- +
-
+
+
-

-
+ +
-

-
+
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Trying to dissolving wax/oil/fats (nonpolar solute) in water.
• Nonpolar wax does NOT dissolve in polar water!
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.

  

  

  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.


 

  

  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.

  

  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.




  

  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.





  

  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.







  
 Factors That Affect Solubility
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!
• All ionic solids are classified as polar solutes!

 



 

  
 Try this
(dissolved or not)
Polar- salt, sugar, sodium nitrate, milo, water, ethyl alcohol
Non polar- grease, gasoline, wax, paint thinner, hexane, oil

1.Salt and thinner

2.sodium nitrate and ethyl alcohol
3.Sugar and oil
4.Gas and grease
5.Milo and water
 Factors That Affect Solubility
(b) Temperature:
The higher the temperature of the solvent the greater
the solubility of the solute.
Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve less in hotter
liquid solvents than in colder liquid solvents

OR - gaseous solutes dissolve _____ in colder

liquid solvents than in hotter liquid solvents

(see book page 74, figure 4-3)

 Temperature
Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.

Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
 Temperature
• The opposite is true of
gases. Higher
temperature drives
gases out of solution.

 Carbonated soft drinks

are more “bubbly” when
you open them after
refrigerated
 Warm lakes have less
O2 dissolved in them
than cool lakes.

IPC-Solutions-Borders
 Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature

solubility increases with

increasing temperature

solubility decreases with

increasing temperature

IPC-Solutions-Borders
 Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually
decreases with
increasing temperature

IPC-Solutions-Borders
At which temperature will you get a fizzier
(more bubbles) glass of pop—cold or
warm?

Warm—why?

Solubility of CO2 ↓ as T ↑
(less dissolved when hot, separate fr the liquid, less tasty)
Warm sodas do seem to have more fizz, don't
they? Actually, bottled soda doesn't gain any
carbonation when it's warm. The people that make
soda dissolve CO2 into the soda at cold
temperatures. CO2 (carbon dioxide, a gas) is what
gives soda its bubbles. CO2 dissolves into cold
liquids better than warm liquids. When you warm
the soda up, all the CO2 that was added when the
liquid is cold wants to escape, so the soda seems
fizzier. One term you might want to look up is vapor
pressure to help you understand what is going on
even better.
(c) Pressure:
Pressure does not affect the
solubility of solids and liquids because
they are almost incompressible unlike
gas.
Exception: gaseous solutes
dissolve more in liquid solvents at higher
pressures than at lower pressures.
 Gases in Solution
• The solubility of
liquids and solids
Increasing does not change with
pressure
above
pressure.
solution • But, the solubility of a
forces gas in a liquid is
more gas directly proportional to
to dissolve.
its pressure.

IPC-Solutions-Borders
Soda bottles are under pressure.
Why?

What will happen when you open

the bottle? (effervesces)

Effervescence-escape of gas from a liquid solution

 Solubility of Gas and Pressure

As P of a gas above a liquid ↑, solubility

of gas ↑. (shake)