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Basics ….
• No amplifier does exactly the ideal .
• Two types:
1.Balanced Input
2.Single Ended Input
2. Input Stage
• Balanced inputs are much preferred over
single ended inputs when interconnection
cables are long and/or subject to noisy
electrical environments because they provide
very good noise rejection.
• Amplification
• Linearity
• Gain
• Efficiency
• Maximum power capability
• Impedance matching to the output device
13
Figure 1 - The Sinewave Cycle
• Class-B: Output devices conduct for 180 degrees (1/2 of input cycle) -
for audio, two output devices in "push-pull" must be used (see Class-AB)
• Class-AB: Halfway (or partway) between the above two examples (181 to
200 degrees typical) - also requires push-pull operation for audio. The
conduction for each output device is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The Sinewave Cycle
• Class-C: Output device(s) conduct for less than 180 degrees (100 to
150 degrees typical) - Radio Frequencies only - cannot be used for audio!
This is the sound heard when one of the output devices goes open circuit in
an audio amp! See Figure 1, showing the time the output device conducts
Class A Output Stage
• Class A output stage is a simple linear
current amplifier.
• It is also very inefficient, typical maximum
efficiency between 10 and 20 %.
• Only suitable for low power applications.
• High power requires much better
efficiency.
Basic class A amplifier operation. Output is shown 180∞ out of phase with the input (inverted).
Maximum class A output occurs when the Q-point is centered on the ac load line.
Q-point closer to cutoff.
Q-point closer to saturation.
FIGURE
FIGURE 9-30 Class A power amplifier with correct output voltage swing.
Why is class A so inefficient ?
• If high output powers are needed from a class-A
circuit, the power waste (and the accompanying
heat) becomes significant.
• For every watt delivered to the load, the amplifier
itself, at best, dissipate another watt.
• For large powers this means very large and
expensive power supplies and heat sinking.
• Class-A designs have largely been superseded
by the more efficient designs for power
amplifiers, though they remain popular with
some hobbyists, mostly for their simplicity.
Class A
• Class A amplifiers have very low distortion
(lowest distortion occurs when the volume is
low)
Iout
time
IC1
time
IC2
time
Class B Efficiency
IC1
A/RL
A sin()
0 2 Phase,
2
1 1 A A
I C1
2 0 I C1 d 2 0 RL sin d RL
By symmetry, power drawn from +ve and –ve
supplies will be the same. Total power, therefore:
2VS A
PS P ve Pve 2 P ve
RL
Load power:
2
vout A2 sin 2 t A2
PL 2VS A
RL RL 2 RLP P S ve Pve 2 P ve
RL
Efficiency:
PL A2 RL A
PS 2 RL 2VS A 4VS
NB. A VS / 4 78.5%
Power Dissipation
2VS A A2
PD PS PL
RL 2 RL
PD is a quadratic function of A,
2VS A A2
PD
RL 2 RL
dPD
maximum when: 0
dA
2VS A 2VS
0 A
RL RL