INTAKE STRUCTURES

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION UNDER ENGR. MANLAPAZ

INTRODUCTION
A LITTLE INTRODUCTION ABOUT INTAKE STRUCTURES
 INTRODUCTION
Intake
Key Definition
Structures Help to safely withdraw water from the source

A device or a
structure that is
constructed at the Key Components
water source for Grate/strainer – Conduit – low lift pumping station
drawing water from – water treatment facility
the source and
conveying to the
other components of Key Requirements
the water supply
system Reliable/Size/Location
Sample Intake Structures
Design
Elements
INTAKE STRUCTURES

Reliability, Capacity , and Location information

 Design Elements

Key
Requirement
RELIABILITY CAPACITY LOCATION

they are very difficult to

expand to provide
additional capacity, a The major factors to be
essential feature of design life of the intake considered in locating
intake structures structures in the range of the intake are listed in
20 to 40 years (minimum) next slide
should be considered
(Foellmi,2005).
Considerations in Locating Water Intakes

Water Quality
Lake and stream currents, Wind and wave impacts, Variation with
water depth due to stratification, Infiltration galleries “under the
influence” of surface water must comply with surface water
regulations

Water Depth
Maximum available, Adequate submergence over inlet ports,
Avoid ice problems

Silt, Sand Treatment Facility Cost

Locate to minimize impact, Minimize conduit length to treatment
plant , Minimize consistent with long term performance and
operation and maintenance requirements
Intake Structure
Types
Used for collecting water
from the surface such as
river, lake, and reservoir
and conveying it further to
the water treatment.
Exposed
Intake Structures

01 Tower Integral With Dam

Applicable to large systems, Expensive.

02 Tower in Lake
Navigational Impact.

03 Shore Inlet
Design for floating debris and/or ice.

04 Floating or Movable
Good access for O&M

05 Siphon Well
Applicable to small systems, Flexible, Easy to expand.
Submerged
Intake Structures 01 Plain end pipe or elbow
Applicable to small systems

02
Screened Inlet Crib
No navigational impact, No impact from floating debris
from ice, Not flexible , Difficult o&m

03
Gravel Packed Well
No navigational impact, No impact from floating debris
from ice, Not flexible , must have favorable geology

Horizontal Collection System (infiltration gallery

04 or infiltration bed)
No navigational impact, No impact from floating debris
from ice, Not flexible , must have favorable geology
Lakes & Because of their navigational impacts as well as severe winter weather and
consequent difficulties in their operation and maintenance (O&M), exposed
structures are
Reservoirs not often used in the Great Lakes and other large cold-climate lakes. On the other
hand, exposed intake structures have been widely used in more warm-climate lakes
and in reservoirs.
 Intake Structure Types

Rivers
Both exposed and submerged inlet structures have been
used in rivers. In large rivers that are controlled by locks
and dams, the variation in flow and consequent variation
in water surface elevation are of less concern than in
unregulated waterways.

Conduits
The intake conduit connects the inlet works with the low-
lift pump station. Either a tunnel or a pipeline may be
used.
Design Criteria

•Design Capacity Get a modern PowerPoint

Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
The design process to select a design flow rate ( Q ) is based on a
forecast demand.
• Intake Tower
Location, Intake towers
should be located as close
to the shore as possible,
consistent with the variation
in water depth.
•Intake Ports

Q = VA
• Gates
Sluice gates may be used on either the interior or
exterior of the tower. Historically, gate valves have
been preferred because the other valves become
fouled with debris.

• Coarse Screens
Also known as bar racks, these screens are
provided to prevent leaves, sticks, and other large
pieces of debris from entering the tower.

• Fine screens
A fine screen is placed downstream of the coarse
screen.
Typical Rock and Screen
Intake Crib

Location
The desired location of the intake crib is in deep water
where it will not be buried by sediment, be washed away,
be a navigational hazard, or be hampered by problems
associated with ice.

Structure
protected by riprap or a concrete slab.

Intake ports
• warm climates – max velocity < 0.3m/s
• Cold climates – max velocity < 0.1m/s

Screens
Submerged intakes are screened with coarse screens.
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0.278𝐶𝐷 𝑆 0.54
Intake Crib
Continuation

Protection
• When a pipeline is used, the pipe is laid in a trench at the bottom
of the lake, reservoir or river.

• The soil cover for the pipe is about 1 m over the top of the pipe
with an additional protective layer of crushed rock (Foellmi,
2005).

• Richardson (1969) suggests a rule of thumb is to use 2.5 m 3 of

rock per linear meter of pipe (2.5 m 3 /m).
Slope
• To avoid air blockage, the conduit must be laid on a continuously
rising or falling grade.
Short Intake
Short Intake
Location.
The minimum water depth for a shore intake should be about 2 m. For river intakes,a stable
channel is preferred..

Intake Bay
The structure should be divided into two or more independent inlets to
provide redundancy.

Screens.
Trash racks as described in Table 3-5 are used to remove large objects. An
example is shown in Figure 3-9 . These are followed by fine screens to
protect the pumps.
 Wet wells

Location Dimensions
With the exception of the tower intake, the wet well is located at The area of the wet well must be large enough to accommodate
the shore or river bank. the fine screen
and pumps.
Pump Criteria
Intake Structures

Pump Type
• The most common pump used in the low-lift pump station is a
vertical turbine pump as shown in Figure 3-11 (Honeycutt and
Clopton, 1976).

• The water enters the pump through the strainer or screen. It is

lifted by one or more impellers located inside the pump
bowl

.
Pump Criteria 𝑦𝑄𝐻𝑡
Intake Structures
𝑃=
Pump Drive
𝐸𝑝
• Low-lift pumps are commonly driven by electric motors.

• -One type of variable speed equipment that is frequently used is

the adjustable frequency drive * (AFD).

• The power input of the drive is estimated from the following

equation:

.
 Pump Criteria
Intake Structures

Pump Capacity.
• The flow rate of the pump is called the capacity or discharge ( Q
).

• to provide initial pumping capacity for a 20-year life.

Head - The term head is the elevation of a
free surface of water above or below a reference
datum
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
CAVITATION
Vapor and water mixture move toward
the pump discharge with increase
pressure. The vapor bubbles collapse
causing violent implosion blasting small
particles of metal from the impeller.

Required Net Positive Suction Head

(NPSHR)
required head on the pump suction so
that the pressure in the pipe is greater
than the vapor pressure.

CAVITATION
System Head Curves
The system head curve is the TDH curve formed over the range of
design flow rates (that is, the minimum, average, maximum).

Pump Selection
Multiple pumps and/or variable speed pumps are selected to cover the
range of conditions described by the system head curve.
Infiltration Gallery or Ranney Wells
When the geological conditions are favorable, an infiltration gallery or collector wells may be placed onshore or offshore.
Here
Direction
1 The infiltration gallery consists of perforated
pipe laid parallel to the shore for lakes.
2
Depth
The actual depth should be determined by
hydrogeological studies that identify the
piezometric surface and its variability.
Pipe Material
3 Because of the high potential for corrosion,
perforated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
concrete pipe is used for the collection gallery.
4 9
Orifice Size
The diameter of each orifice is generally 1 to
2 cm.
Junction Wells
5 At junction points in the gallery where the
pipe changes direction and at the
end of the gallery, a well is provided.
Slope.
6 The gallery can be horizontal, but a slight
slope of 500:1 will minimize air binding/
blockage (Kawamura, 2000).
7
Pipe Velocity
At design capacity, the velocity is limited to 1
m/s at the outlet of the gallery.
Your Text Here
Backfilling
8
Easy to change colors, photos and Text. You can
Because the Ranney well screens are bored
simply impress your audience and add a unique zing
into the natural aquifer material, there
and appeal to your Presentations.
is no backfilling required.
Length
The gallery must be long enough to meet the
design capacity.
Direction
In addition to the withdrawal restrictions that
10
may be imposed,the water removed from the
infiltration gallery may be considered under
the influence of the surface water and thus
subject to water quality regulations that apply
to surface water.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Intake Structures
 Grit
• abrasive materials like sit, sand and
shells that wears the mechanical
equipment
• horizontal flow settling tank
 Ice
surface ice and ice floes create structural hazard. Adhesive to the
surface and ultimately plug it.

Ice Frazil Ice Anchor Ice

small, disk-shaped ice crystals differentiated from frazil ice in
(Foellmi, 2005). Frazil ice forms that it forms in sheets and grows
when turbulent water is by attachment of frazil ice.
supercooled.
 Method of Control
use of submerged intakes heating the water at the intake port to 0.1 degree
celcius use of smooth materials (plastic/plastic coated metal) or wood

Thermal Chemical Mechanical

35 degree celcius heating for 2hrs oxidizing chemicals for 2 weeks scraping/periodic cleaning
(potassium, chlorine etc).
Zebra Mussles
• The zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha )
is a small bivalve mollusk that has
alternating
dark and light bands on its shell and
averages about 2.5 cm in length.
• Zebra mussels reproduce prolifically and as
a consequence clog intakes and pumps.
 Fish Protection
The need to provide a
means to prevent fish from
entering the intake structure
is addressed byone of three
approaches
Physical barrier Behavioral guida Capture and
screens nce systems release systems
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Hints from the Field, Operation and maintenance personnel who have to live
with the results of the engineer’s design have offered the following suggestions:

•The overhead crane supplied to facilitate maintenance of the pumps and

motors should also provide a means to move the equipment outside of the
building to facilitate replacement of equipment that has reached its life
expectancy.
•For zebra mussel control, a chlorine feed line should be supplied to the
screen/bar rack of the intake.
•In hard water, with high concentrations of calcium and magnesium
carbonate, the addition of commercial sodium hypochlorite may cause
precipitation of carbonates on the interior of the pipe.
•The conduit from the intake to the low-lift pump station should be
inspected regularly (preferably annually).
•Because the air supply used by divers will be released inside of the
conduit during the inspection,some means must be provided to release the
gas; otherwise the gas “bubble” that accumulates in the pipe will limit the
flow rate.
Impress
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