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Mercerization
John Mercer invented a process which gives cotton a lustre resembling silk - a
process known as 'mercerization'.
Mercerization
Mercerizing Definition :
It is a treatment for cotton articles and/or natural fibres composed by cellulose in
a concentrated solution of caustic soda (300 g/l), under tension and ambient
temperature.
Objective:
Fibre swelling and simultaneously there is a longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the
morphological structure of the fibre and achieving a shinier surface, resistant to
wear and washing.
Types of Mercerization
1) Tension Mercerization
2) Slack Mercerization
As a result of the penetration of the alkali into the lattice, internal hydrogen bonds are
broken and in Cellulose II the number of available hydroxyl groups (-OH) is increased
by 25%. The process is commercially known as mercerisation. The treatment with
alkali and subsequent washing may be performed so that the fabric or yarn may
either freely contract or they may be held under tension. In both cases the
mercerised cotton has an increased affinity for both reactive and direct cotton dyes,
water and an increased strength. Cotton yarn or fabric mercerised without tension
contracts, but if held under tension it retains its original dimensions and the lustre is
increased.
At which stage cellulose can be Mercerized?
Mercerization is possible
- on greige goods
- after desizing
- after desizing and scouring
- after bleaching
- after dyeing.
General Process of mercerization:
Note: Fabric Mercerization is Cheaper than double Mercerization which provides a softer hand
SURFACEOFCOTTON
UNTREATEDCOTTON MERCERIZEDCOTTON
THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS PROCESS ARE:
1. Improve Luster.
5. Improve strength/elongation.
6. Improve smoothness.
7. It has been shown that the increase in the luster occurs because of an effect.
1. Twaddle
2. Temperature
3. Tension
4. Time
(1)Twaddle (Concentration of NaOH):
If the concentration of NaOH is increased above 56oTw
improvement in luster will be attained but if it is decrease below
48o Tw. The quality of luster will begin to be adversely affected.
(2)Temperature:
High degree of luster is attained at temperature 18-20oC. As the
temperature is increased the quality of luster is adversely
affected but on lowering the temperature no improvement in the
luster is obtained.
(3)Tension:
For acquiring better luster the material must be stretch to its
original dimension (both in warp and weft direction during
mercerization). If the material is allowed to shrink during
mercerizing then quality of luster will be impaired on the other
hand if the material is stretched more no improvement in luster is
achieved.
(4)Time:
The optimum time for mercerizing is 30-60 seconds by
increasing the duration of time no applicable improvement in the
quality of mercerization can be achieved but if the time limit is less
than 30 seconds in the quality of mercerization will be improved.
A treatment of cotton yarn or fabric to increase its luster and
affinity for dyes. The material is immersed under tension in a cold
sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) solution in warp or skein form or
in the piece, and is later neutralized in acid. The process causes a
permanent swelling of the fiber and thus increases its luster.It is
the process of treatment of cellulosic material with cold or hot
caustic conditions under specific conditions to improve its
appearance and physical as well as chemical properties.
Purpose of mercerizing
2. Washing off the caustic soda from the material while keeping
the material still in the stretch state.
FIG.THE MATERIAL FLOWCHARTIN YARNMERCERIZING
Changes during mercerizingprocess
A. Fiber level
1. Swelling
2. Cross sectional morphology changes from beam shape to round shape.
3. Shrinkage along with longitudinal direction.
B. Molecular level
1. Hydrogen bond readjustment
2. Orientation (parallelization) of molecular chains in amorphous region along the
direction of fiber length.
3. Orientation of the crystallinity in the direction of the fiber length.
4. Increased crystallinity
C. Chemical Changes
1. Increased rate of reaction on hydrolysis andoxidation
2. Liberation of heat during the caustic treatment.(heat of sorption and heat of
reaction)
3. Increase in the alkali absorption.
4. Increase in the absorption of iodine.
Q. Why there is a swelling in cellulose ???
1. Due to Swelling
Swelling is due to molecular attraction withassociated hydration in this instance.
Since the alkali cellulose is more hydrated than native cellulose ,maximum swelling
concentration is result of attraction of alkali cellulose in solution on one hand and free
alkali on the other. Hydration of the cellulose increases with increased fixation of alkali
in solution of rising concentration upto a certain limit, after which the free alkali
exerts a dehydrating effect on alkali cellulose to a greater extent.
Dissociation of alkali ions from the alkali cellulose compound corresponds to an
absorption of OH- ions ,and in this manner a negative charge results.The cellulose
molecules repel each other and absorb water ,this absorption being greater, the
greater is the charge. If however the dissociation of alkali cellulose salt is forced back
,then there is reduction in the charge. Further if the concentration of the electrolyte is
high in swelling liquor ,then charge of cellulose particles is shielded by free ions and
force of repulsion isdiminished.
Ans:-The cotton hair swells in strong caustic soda solution ,which change its cross
section from squashed circular pipe shape to an oval shaped . if the fibers are placed
under a tension or stretched position in the swollen state and then washed to reduce
the caustic concentration below a particular limit, then there is an increase in the
luster of the fiber.
Q. What shall be the ideal temperature formercerization?
Ans:- The relation between the shrinkage of cotton fiber, the concentration of alkali
and the processing temperature was studied by H. Flecken, and the result is shown in
this Figure.
He treated cotton yarn at 0°C to 40°C, using 30°/38° Bé caustic soda and measured the
shrinkage by mercerization, and found that the least shrinkage variation is obtained at
10°C and 30° Bé. Therefore, robust conditions insensitive to the concentration of alkali
and temperature must be selected for stable mercerization.
Alkali Concentration in percent NaOH and in Degree Baume
1. Pre tensioning
This is the first step in yarn mercerizing cycle ,which runs to uniformly distribute the
greig yarn hanks on the rollers in combination with reversal of direction of motion of
rollers, without any entanglement. The material should become completely wet in
this step.
2. Shrinking
This is the actual caustic treatment step or the mercerizing step in which the yarn is
allowed to shrink freely , the yarn runs for sufficient time in relaxed state to react
completely with the caustic , higher the shrinkage achieved better will be the
mercerizing.
3. Lye tensioning
The lye tensioning is done to stretch the yarn back to originallength.
4. Squeezing
To remove the unbound caustic solution from the material, so that the materialcan
be washed effectively, and quickly to reduce the caustic content . This step also
ensure the to minimize the wastage of excess caustic liquorduring washing
What is the significance of different steps in mercerizing cycle?
In general following process control tests are carried out in yarn mercerizing ,
There are several tests which are done to quantify themercerizing effect,
1. De Convulation Test
2. Brightness Test
Procedure:
• In a flask 2 gm sample & 30 ml of 0.25 N Ba(OH)2 solutions for 4 hours is shaken by
a shaker. Then the sample is taken out.
• 10 ml of Ba(OH)2 from leftout solution is taken & treated with 0.1 N HCl. Methyl
orange indicator is used. First the color will be yellow & finally color of saturated
solution will be pink.
• At the same time 10 ml of fresh Ba(OH)2 will be titrated with 0.1 N HCl in presence
of methyl orange.
DYEABSORBENCYTEST:
Calculation:
10 ml of Ba(OH)2 solution (blank) required 24.3 ml of 0.1N HCl.
10 ml of Ba(OH)2 from an unknown sample of cotton required 19.58 ml of 0.1 N HCl.
10 ml of Ba(OH)2 from an unmercerized sample of cotton required 21.2 ml of 0.1 N HCl
Note:
• Mercerization contains concentrated NaOH solution of 28 – 32 Be or 270 – 330 gm/l
• 15 – 20% tension is maintained.
Benzopurpine Test:
1. Mercerized &unmercerized cotton samples are treated in 0.5% solution
of benzopurpine for 30 min boiling temperature
2. Treated sample is washed, dried & compared visually or
spectrophotometrically
3. Mercerized sample are more deeply dyed than unmercerized sample.
Observation:
If fully mercerized: Nospot
If not mercerized: DarkSpot
Shrinkage test
The above shown instrument is used for the test of shrinkage %of
mercerizing liquor as well as to test the mercerizing wetting agents.
There is a vertical tube in which the caustic lye is filled , a 12 folded 20s
carded yarn is attached to a 10 gm load and hanged as shown in the
figure. The shrinkage after different time intervals is recorded and
plotted against time in seconds.
Necessary Equipment:
• Volumetric flask
• Beaker
• Burette
• Pipette
• Measuring flask
• Electric balance
• Shaker
• Scissors
Necessary Chemicals:
• Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 0.25(N)
• Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.1(N)
• Water
• Methyl Orange
Test for Mercerizing:
Sample:
Yarn sample → 58/2 s singed and mercerized
Single mercerized fabric → Grey mercerized, Yarn count – 58/2s , Speed – 10m/min.
Double mercerized fabric → Grey mercerized, Yarn count – 58/2s, Speed – 10m/min.
Where,
N = Normality
W = Weight of Ba(OH)2
M = Molecular mass equivalent of hydride Ba(OH)2
i.e. Ba(OH)2 . 8H2O,
V = Volume of Ba(OH)2 solution,
Remarks:
The easy test done is not a standardize test. It is generally practiced in mills and factories
for quicker evolution of mercerization. In this test accuracy is maintained as much as
possible. Titration is done manually. More over the concentration of HCl and Barium
Hydroxide also measured by the same titration procedure. As the test result comes in a
percentage basis the initial concentration variation does not hamper the test result. For
this reason the test result is claimed accurate andsatisfactory.
MERCERISING UNIT FORTUBULERKNITFABRIC
Dornier ASM mercerizing system for circular-knitted fabric
FLOWDIAGRAM
FEATURES
1. The treatment is usually carried out under tension, with caustic soda
at 28°- 30° Bé ( Approx. 270- 330 g/l ).
4. Once the operation has been carried out, alkalinity must immediately
be neutralised by means of a diluted acidsolution.
Flow diagram for soda lye, water, steam and auxiliaries
Study of Mercerizing machine.
Picture - Continuous mercerising and bleaching system for tubular knittedfabrics
1. Entry
2. wetting with NaOH
3. exposing
4. spreader
5. stabiliser
6. exit
7. neutralisation and bleaching
CHAINLESS MERCERISING RANGE
CHAINLESS MERCERISING RANGE
Chainless Mercerizing
Chainless mercerizing is practiced on a range where the cloth is maintained in contact with
rotating drums virtually throughout the entire process. The tension on the fabric depends on
the friction between the cloth and the surface of the drum. 76 This results in good control of
length but limited control of width. Bowed rollers are sometimes used to stretch the width
but they are much less effective when compared with the clips of the chain Mercerizer.
Chainless Mercerizing is used on fabrics that cannot be handled on a clip frame such as
knits. Specialized equipment has been developed for Mercerizing tubular knit goods. One
arrangement is based on a spreader mechanism that resembles a floating cigar. In the USA,
very little if any knit goods Mercerization is in evidence. There are some knit goods made
from mercerized yarns, however.
CHAIN MERCERISING RANGE
Main parts:
1. Guide roller,
2. Immersion roller,
3. Alkali tank,
5. Spray,
6. Horizontal clip;
Fabric path:
The fabric is passed through the guide roller to the alkali tank, then the fabric pass
though some roller to horizontal clip. There is a spray in the path. The fabric to the alkali
recovery tank, after that it pass though the squeezing roller and to the delivery roller.
Controlling points:
Horizontal clip:
It can control the spreading of the fabric and if need spraying is done with the sprayer.
Fabric speed:
The speed of the fabric should be controlled properly unless the fabric will not
mercerized uniformly
Yarn Mercerizing Machine
Yarn Mercerizing Machine
Manufacturer: COMO-Italia
Nip pressure:
Position For yarn dyed fabric in Bar For gray fabric in Bar
After NaOHbath 1.5 1.5
Before acid bath 1.0 1.0
After acid bath 1.0 1.0
After washing 1.0 1.0
MAINTENANCE
DAILY MAINTENANCE CHECK LIST.
DORNIER MERCERIZINGMACHINE
Check the quantity of fresh caustic soda in the causticsoda storage tank.
Check whether all chains, chain wheels and drives are properly running.
Check the soda temperature to ensure that the cooling plant worksproperly
DORNIER MERCERIZINGMACHINE