EXOGENIC

PROCESSES
GROUP 5
HUMSS 11-A
WEATHERING
✘ Weathering is the breakdown of
rocks at the Earth's surface, by the
action of rainwater, extremes of
temperature, and biological activity.
It does not involve the removal of
rock material.
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EXOGENIC PROCESSES
The processes which occur on earth's surface
due to the influence of exogenic forces are
called as exogenic processes or exogenic
geomorphic processes. Weathering, mass
wasting, erosion, and deposition are the main
exogenic processes. ... Note: A process is a
force applied on earth materials affecting the
same.
 PHYSICAL WEATHERING
is a term used in science that refers to the
geological process of rocks breaking apart
without changing their chemical
composition. Over time, movements of the
Earth and environment can break apart
rock formations, causing physical
weathering.

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BLOCK DISINTEGRATION
a rock disintegrates due to the
change in temperature.
This change causes the outer
layers of the rock to expand and
contract continually.

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EXFOLIATION
✘ Exfoliation occurs as
cracks develop parallel to
the land surface a
consequence of the
reduction in pressure during
uplift and erosion.
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 FROST WEATHERING
✘ Frost weathering is a collective
term for several
mechanical weathering processes
induced by stresses created by the
freezing of water into ice. The term
serves as an umbrella term for a
variety of processes such
as frost shattering, frost wedging
and cryofracturing. 8
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
✘ Chemical weathering pertains to the changes in
rock structure under the action or influence of
chemical reactions. There are hundreds of natural
chemical processes and reactions within the
rocks the change the composition and the
structure of the rocks over time. Temperature
and, especially, moisture are critical for chemical
weathering.Chemical weathering, therefore,
occurs more quickly in hot, humid climatic
regions. 9
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OXIDATION
✘ Oxidation is the reaction of a
substance with oxygen. ... When
iron in rocks reacts with oxygen, it
forms iron oxide, which weakens
the rock. Carbonation is the mixing
of water with carbon dioxide to
make carbonic acid. This type
ofweathering is important in the
formation of caves. 11
CARBONATION
is a type of chemical weathering. it
is the process of mixing water with
carbon dioxide to make carbonic
acid. this type of weathering is
important in making caves.
dissolved carbon dioxide in water or
in moist air forms carbonic acid,
and this acid reacts to minerals in
rocks. 12
HYDRATION
Hydration occurs when a
mineral absorbs water to form a
new substance. Hydration causes
the rock to expand its volume,
which can put stress on the rock
and make it more vulnerable to
other types of weathering (including
processes of
mechanical weathering).
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 BIOTIC WEATHERING
✘ is any type of weathering that is
caused by living organisms. Most
often the culprit of biotic
weathering are plant roots. These
roots can extend downward, deep
into rock cracks in search of water,
and nutrients. In the process they
act as a wedge, widening and
extending the cracks.
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 MASS WASTING
✘ Mass wasting, also known as slope
movement ormass movement, is the
geomorphic process by which soil,
sand, regolith, and rock move
downslope typically as a solid,
continuous or discontinuous mass,
largely under the force of gravity, but
frequently with characteristics of a
flow as in debris flows and mudflows.
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CLASSIFICATIONS
OF MASS
WASTING

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SOIL EROSION
✘ Soil erosion is a naturally occurring
process that affects all landforms. .

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WIND EROSION
✘ Wind erosion is a natural
process that moves soil
from one location to
another by wind power. It
can cause significant
economic and
environmental damage.
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SHEET EROSION
is the uniform removal of soil
in thin layers by the forces of
raindrops and overland flow.
It can be a very effective
erosive process because it
can cover large areas of
sloping land and go unnoticed
for quite some time.
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RILL EROSION
Rill erosion is the removal of soil by
concentrated water running through little
streamlets, or headcuts. Detachment in
a rill occurs if the sediment in the flow is
below the amount the load can transport and
if the flow exceeds the soil's resistance to
detachment.
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GULLY EROSION
is the removal of soil along drainage lines by
surface water runoff. Once started, gullies will
continue to move by headward erosion or by
slumping of the side walls unless steps are
taken to stabilise the disturbance.

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