ALL ABOUT

CARBOHyDRATES
What is CARBOHYDRATES??

>> also known as saccharides, comes from the

Greek word sakkron/sackcharon, means sugar.
>> most abundant class of biomolecules in
nature; based on mass.
>> an organic compound.
>> it comprises of only oxygen,carbon and
hydrogen.
>> they are the staff of life for most organisms.
 Functions of Carbohydrates

Provide Us with Energy

 The main thing carbohydrates give us is the
energy for metabolism.
Use Protein in Other Beneficial Ways
 Without the functions of carbohydrates, our
body would have to use protein for fuel.
Are Necessary for Fat Oxidation
 The body needs carbs in order to burn fat.
 Functions of Carbohydrates

Help Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Function in the

Body
 Carbohydrates play a role in the production of B
complex vitamins made by beneficial bacteria in the
body.
Make Our Food More Flavorful
 Carbohydrates provide us with more flavors in the diet.
Help Cellular Recognition Processes
 This means that carbohydrates are important to our
immune system.
 Functions of Carbohydrates

 Carbohydrates are chief energy source, in

many animals, they are instant source of
energy. Glucose is broken down by glycolysis/
kreb's cycle to yield ATP.
 Glucose is the source of storage of energy. It is
stored as glycogen in animals and starch in
plants.
 Stored carbohydrates acts as energy source
instead of proteins.
Functions of Carbohydrates

 Carbohydrates are intermediates in

biosynthesis of fats and proteins.
 Carbohydrates aid in regulation of nerve tissue
and is the energy source for brain.
 Carbohydrates gets associated with lipids and
proteins to form surface antigens, receptor
molecules, vitamins and antibiotics.
Functions of Carbohydrates

 They form structural and protective

components, like in cell wall of plants and
microorganisms.
 In animals they are important constituent of
connective tissues.
 They participate in biological transport, cell-cell
communication and activation of growth
factors.
 Carbohydrates that are rich in fibre content
help to prevent constipation.
 Also they help in modulation of immune
system.
Carbohydrates are classified into
three groups
 Monosaccharides or Monosachoroses

>> from Greek, mono=one; sakchron=sugar.

>> these are compound which possess a free
aldehyde or ketone group.
>> They are the simplest sugars and cannot be
hydrolyzed.
>> The general formula is Cn(H2O)n or CnH2nOn.
 Monosaccharides or Monosachoroses

The monosaccharides are subdivided into

tiroses, tertrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses
etc., and also as aldoses or ketoses depending
upon whether they contian aldehyde or ketone
group.
Examples of :monosaccharides are Fructose,
Erythrulose,Ribulose.
Oligosaccharides or Oligosaccharoses

>> In Greek, Oligo means few.

>> Oligosaccharides are compound sugars that yield 2
to 10 molecules of the same or different
monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
>> Oligosaccharides yielding 2 molecules of
monosaccharides on hydrolysis is known as a
disaccharide, and the ones yielding 3 or 4
monosaccharides are known as trisaccharides and
tetrasaccharides respectively and so on.
Oligosaccharides or Oligosaccharoses

The general formula of disaccharides is Cn(H2O)n-

and that of trisaccharides is Cn(H2O)n-2 and so on.

Example of :
Disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, maltose
etc.
Trisaccharides are Raffinose, Rabinose.
Polysaccharides or Polysaccharoses

>> In Greek, poly means many.

>> are compound sugars and yield more than 10
molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
>>They are further classified depending on they
type of molecules produced as a result of
hydrolysis.
>>The general formula is (C6H10O5)x.
Polysaccharides or Polysaccharoses

>> They may be homopolysaccharides i.e,

monosaccharides of the same type or
heteropolysaccharides i.e., monosaccharides of
different types.
Example of
Homopolysaccharides are starch, glycogen,
cellulose, pectin.
Heteropolysaccharides are Hyaluronic acid,
Chondrotin.
There are three types of structural
representations of carbohydrates:

Open chain structure.

Hemi-acetal structure.

HaworthHaworth structure structure.

Next
 Open chain structure

It is the long straight chain form of

carbohydrates.

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 Hemi-acetal structure

Here the 1st carbon of the glucose condenses

with the -OH group of the 5th carbon to form a
ring structure.

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 Haworth structure

 It is the presence of pyranose ring structure.

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 Simple Sugars

>>Simple sugars get into the system very quickly

and tend to raise insulin levels.
>>This increase in insulin levels and rise in blood
sugar can contribute to diabetes.
>>The best way to consume simple sugars is to
get them through things like fruits and dairy
products.
 Complex Sugars

>> these are also known as starches.

>> these contain a lot of fiber that allows for slow
absorption of the carbohydrate into the GI tract
and they are more filling than simple sugars.
>> usually good for your health
Thank You
for
Listening

Prepared by :
Lalaine M. Balingit