Matter and Nomenclature:

Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Equation

Duration : 2 x 75 minutes

Kimia Dasar I (CH1101)

1
Classification of Matter (Review last class)

2
Elements
3
 Periodic Table
 Summarizes periodic properties of elements
Modern Periodic Table
• Arranged by increasing atomic number (Z):
• Rows called periods
• Columns called groups or families
 Identified by numbers
 1 – 18 standard international
 1A – 8A longer columns & 1B – 8B shorter
columns

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Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids

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Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
 Elements break down into 3 broad categories
 Organized by regions of periodic table
Metals
 Left-hand side
 Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
 Upper right hand corner
 Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
 Diagonal line between metals & nonmetals
 Boron to astatine 13
 Metals
Most elements in periodic table
Properties
Conduct heat & electricity
Solids at Room Temperature
• Melting points (mp) > 25 °C
• Hg only liquid metal (mp = –39 °C)
• Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 °C)
• Highest known for metal
Chemical reactivity
• Varies greatly
• Au, Pt very unreactive
• Na, K very reactive 14
Nonmetals
• Brittle
• Pulverize when struck
• Insulators
• Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
• Chemical reactivity
• Some inert
• Noble gases
• Some reactive
• F2, O2, H2
• React with metals to form ionic compounds
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 Metalloids
• 8 Elements
• Located on diagonal line between metals &
nonmetals
• B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
• Between metals & nonmetals
• Metallic shine
• Brittle like nonmetal
• Semiconductors
• Conduct electricity
• But not as well as metals
• Silicon (Si) & germanium (Ge) 16
Compound

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Classification of Compound

• Molecular / Covalent Compound

 chemical compounds that take the form of
discrete molecules
 usually between two or more nonmetals
 Ex : H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
• Ionic Compound
 compounds made up of ions
 Usually between metals (as cation) and
nonmetals (as anion)
 Ex : NaCl, KBr, MgSO4, NH4Cl
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 Molecular/Covalent Compound
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces.

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Molecular
Elements

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO diatomic elements

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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Molecular Formula and Empirical
Formula
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of
each element in the smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-
number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
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Ionic Compound
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions

• The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula

• The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero

The ionic compound NaCl

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 Ion
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.

Na 11 protons Na+ 11 protons

11 electrons 10 electrons
anion – ion with a negative charge
If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.

Cl 17 protons Cl- 17 protons

17 electrons 18 electrons
Monoatomic and Polyatomic Ion

A monatomic ion contains only one atom

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

SO42-,OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

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Common Monoatomic Ion

24
Common Polyatomic Ions

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Your turn !!
Classify these into Molecular Compounds, Ionic
Compound, or Ion
N2O4 CCl4 CrCl3
Na+ FeBr3 (NH4)2SO4
P4S3 PO43-

Answer:
Molecular Compounds: N2O4 , CCl4 , P4S3
Ionic Compounds: FeBr3, (NH4)2SO4, CrCl3
Ion: Na+ , PO43-

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Hydrates
• Crystals that contain water molecules
e.g., Plaster: CaSO4∙2H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate
• Water is not tightly held
• Dehydration
• Removal of water by heating
• Remaining solid is anhydrous (without water)

Blue = White = CuSO4

CuSO4 •5H2O

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Chemical Nomenclature
Why ??

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Chemical Nomenclature

Ionic Compound Molecular Compound

1. Non-Metal

Cation (1st) Anion (2nd)

1. Metal (1A, 2A, 3A, 1. Non Metal
except Boron) 2. Polyatomic Anion
2. Transition Metal
3. Polyatomic Cation
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Nomenclature of Ionic Compound
• Often a metal + nonmetal
• Cation (1st) = name of atom (metal)
Li - Lithium
Be - Beryllium
K - Potassium
Ca - Calcium
Sc - Scandium
Ti - Titanium
V - Vanadium
Cr - Chromium
Mn - Manganese
Fe - Iron
Co - Cobalt
Ni - Nickel
Cu - Copper
Zn - Zinc

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JacobH/Getty Images
 Nomenclature of Ionic Compound
• Often a metal + nonmetal
• Cation (1st) = name of atom (metal)
= name of polyatomic cation
(NH4+ : Ammonium/ amonium)
• Anion (2nd) = nonmetal,
Monoatomic anion: add “ide” to element name (in Bahasa : add “ida”)
Polyatomic anion = the name of polyatomic anion
Monoatomic English Bahasa Polyatomic English Bahasa
anion anion
Cl- chloride klorida CO32- carbonate karbonat
Br- bromide bromida PO43- phosphate fosfat
O2- oxide oksida SO42- sulfate sulfat
S2- sulfide sulfida CrO42- chromate kromat 32
Nomenclature of Ionic Compound
• Often a metal + nonmetal
• Cation (1st) = name of atom (metal)
= name of polyatomic cation
(NH4+ : Ammonium)
• Anion (2nd) = nonmetal,
Monoatomic anion: add “ide” to element name (in Bahasa : add “ida”)
Polyatomic anion = the name of polyatomic anion
BaCl2 barium chloride barium klorida
K2O potassium oxide kalium oksida
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide magnesium hidroksida
KNO3 potassium nitrate kalium nitrat 33
 Transition metal ionic compounds
Transition metals usually form several type of cations
Indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

FeCl2 2 Cl- = -2, so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- = -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr2S3 3 S-2 = -6 so Cr is +3 (+6/2) chromium(III) sulfide 34

Common Cation and Anion

Find name of Cations and

Anions in “Bahasa” !!
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Concept Check
Give the correct name for below ionic compounds:

1. KBr
2. (NH4)3PO4
3. FeCO3
4. Cr2(SO4)3

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 Nomenclature of
Molecular compounds
• Molecular compounds
−Nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
−Common names
−H2O, NH3, CH4, Bahasa

−Element furthest to the left in a period and mono

di
closest to the bottom of a group on Tri
periodic table is placed first in formula Tetra
Penta
−If more than one compound can be formed Heksa
from the same elements, use prefixes to Hepta
indicate number of each kind of atom Okta
Nona
−Last element name ends in ide (ida in deka
Bahasa) 37
Examples

HI hydrogen iodide Hidrogen iodida

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trifluorida
SO2 sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioksida
N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride Dinitrogen tetraklorida

NO2 nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioksida

N2O dinitrogen monoxide Dinitrogen monoksida
Summary

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 Hydrate

Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of water

molecules attached to them.

BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate Barium klorida dihidrat

LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate Litium klorida monohidrat
MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfat heptahidrat
CuSO4 •5H2O Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate Tembaga (II) sulfat pentahidrat

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4
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 Concept Check
Give the correct name for below compounds
1. MnSO4
2. SF6
3. Na2SO4.7H2O
4. NH4Br
5. N2O4

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Common Trivial Name

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Chemical Equation

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 How to describe chemical reaction

• One or more substances react to

form one or more new substances

Ex methane CH4 reacts with

oxygen (O2) and produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
Reactant = CH4 and O2
Product = CO2 and H2O

• How to describe that reaction?

• By Sentences, too long
• By Image, ????!!!!######
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Chemical Equation
• Use symbol and formula to show reactant and product
Reactant at left
Product at right
Arrow symbol () meas “react and produce)
Coefficient
• Number in the front chemical formula
• Describe how many substance reacted or
produced
• Example , CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
• methane reacts with oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
and water

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 Mass Balance in Chemical Reaction
• Atom cannot be created and destroyed
• It means that amount of each atom at reactant and product
must be same
• If amount of each atom is same, total mass of each element
must be same

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

4H + 4O + C = 4H + 4O + C 46
Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.

Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.

2C2H6 NOT C4H12 47

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont)

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
on left on right multiply H2O by 3

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations (cont)

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
multiply O by 7
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 2
2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7
2 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
remove fraction
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
multiply both sides by 2

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