CHAPTER 1(a)

FORCES ON MATERIAL
 Learning Outcome
 At the end of this lecture, student should be able to;

 Understand the concept of strength of material

 Define the types of loads
 Define the types of forces
 Understand stress and strain
 Solve problems related to stress and strain
What is strength of material?
 Subject which deals with loads, deformations and the
forces acting on the material

 Important in understanding;
 mechanical behavior/properties of material
 safe design of all structures- buildings, bridges,
machines, ships, airplanes etc..
 Material purchasing / material testing
 maintenance
 Types of Load
 A) STATIC LOAD
- Forces which is fix (not moving)
- A good example of this is a person seen below. He is
holding a stack of books but he is not moving. The
force downwards is STATIC.
 B) DYNAMIC LOAD
- Forces which is moving / changing
- A good example of a dynamic load is the person below.
He is carrying a weight of books but walking. The force
is moving or DYNAMIC.
 C) IMPACT LOAD
- Forces which is happen immediately
- Example: Car crashed the lamp pole and smashed it
very badly.
 D) FATIQUE AND ALTERNATING LOAD
-Forces which is happen at certain time only

Fatique Load Alternating Load

Example: Wind Wheel Example: Spring

 Types of Forces
i) Tensile Force (+ve)
- Force that tends to stretch / lengthen a material on
which it acts.
- Example: The rope is in “tension” as the two people
pull on it. This stretching puts the rope in tension.
 ii) Compressive Force (-ve)
- Force that tends to squeeze / crush a material
- Example: The weight lifter finds that his body is
compressed by the weights he is holding above his
head.
Exercise
The bracket holding up the hanging basket
is made of steel. It has been made by heating
up the steel until ‘red’ hot and then bending
it at 90 degrees.

1. What is the force exerting on the bracket

at point ‘A’?
2. What type of force is the chain under?
3. What type of force are the wires holding
the plant pot under?
4. What force is acting on the wall at point
‘B'?
5. As more weight is added to the plant pot
the bracket begins to bend too much. How
could the bracket be strengthened?
6. How could the bracket be fixed to the
wall? Use diagrams to illustrate your answer.
Answer
iii) Shear Force
- Force that tends to slide one face of the material to
another face.
- Example: Simple scissors. The two handles put force in
different directions on the pin that holds the two parts
together. The force applied to the pin is called shear
force.
 STRESS
 Internal resistance which react to external forces
subjected to the material .
 Ratio between the applied force, F and cross-sectional
area, A of the material.
 The symbol is σ (sigma)
 Unit in N/m2 or Pa
Stress
 STRAIN
 When forces act on a body, it undergoes some
deformation.
 Ratio between deformation per unit length
 The symbol is ε (epsilon)
 Strain has no unit

@
For example, a 2.0" titanium bar that has
been stretched to 2.2" is said to have
experienced a tensile strain of 0.1, or 10%.
Exercise: Stress and Strain
1. A rectangular bar having a cross-sectional area of 75mm2
has a tensile force of 15 kN applied to it. Draw the figure
and determine the stress in the bar.
2. A circular bar having 25 mm diameter being applied a
compressive force of 100 kN. Determine the stress
produce.
3. A bar has initial 1.6m length and after subjected to load
30 kN, the length become 1.4m. Determine the strain and
the percentage strain.
4. A wire length 2.5m has a percentage strain of 0.012%
when loaded with a tensile force. Determine the
deformation of the wire.
5. A pipe has an outside diameter of
25mm and inside diameter 15mm and
length 0.4 m and it support a
compressive load of 40kN. The pipe
shorten by 0.5mm when the load is
applied.determine:
 a) compressive stress
 b) compressive strain