BAHASA INGGRIS 1

BY:
RADITA PUTRI PRATAMA
(23030180113)
 REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is used to repeat what someone had previously said. Reported speech is a change from
direct sentence to indirect sentence.
How to change direct sentence into indirect sentence:
1. Change the subject’s perspective
e.g. Nina said, “I am very happy.” (Direct) → Nina said that she was very happy. (Indirect)
2. Look the tenses
If the tenses are past tense (not present tense) then there must be a change in tenses.
BACKSHIFT REPORTED SPEECH
Notes :
Direct Sentence Indirect Sentence 1. If the sentence a
Present Tense ↔ Past Tense statement = add the word
‘THAT’ after the predicate
Present Continuous Tense ↔ Past Continuous Tense
2. If the sentence a 5W+1H
Past Tense ↔ Past Perfect Tense Question = add ‘5W+1H + S
Past Continuous Tense ↔ Past Perfect Continuous + P’ after predicate
Future Tense ↔ Past Future 3. If the sentence a Yes/No
Question = add
Present Perfect Tense ↔ Past Perfect Tense
‘If/Whether + S +P’ after
Past Perfect Tense ↔ Past Perfect Tense predicate
3. Change the adverb of time 4. If the sentence an
imperative verb = add the
•Now → then/ at the time -Tommorow → the next day
word ‘To V1’ after
• Today → that day -Next week → the following week
predicate
•Yesterday → the day before -Last week → the previous week
 PASSIVE VOICE
Passive Voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a
sentence rather than subject. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes
the subject of the sentence. Kata Kunci TO BE:
PRESENT = is/am/are
TENSES ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE PAST = was/were
Simple Present S + V1 (s/es) S + is/am/are + V3 CONTINUOUS= Being
Present Continuos S + is/am/are + Ving S + is/am/are + being + V3 PERFECT = Been
Present Perfect S + has/have + V3 S + has/have + been + V3 MODAL = Be
Present Perfect Continuos S + has/have + been + Ving S +has/have +been + being+ V3
Simple Past S + V2 S + was/ were + V3
Example:
Past Continuos S + was/were + Ving S + was/were + being + V3 •My mother will make a cake
Past Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3 for me (Active)
Past Perfect Continuos S + had + been + Ving S + had + been + being + V3 •A cake will be made by my
Simple Future S + will + V1 S + will + be + V3 mother for me (Passive)
•The company didn’t publish
Future Continuos S + will + be + Ving S + will + be + being + V3
the book (Active)
Future Perfect S + will + have + V3 S + will + have + been + V3
•The book was not published
Future Perfect Continuos S + will + have + been + Ving S +will +have+been+ being + V3 by the company (Passive)
Simple Past Future S + would + V1 S + would + be + V3 •My father is repairing the
Modal S + modal + V1 S + modal + be + V3 door (Active)
•The door is being repaired by
my father (Passive)
 PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used for actions in a time which is happening now.
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
Example :
(+) S + Verb 1 (s/es) + O -He rides bicycle every
(-) S + do/does+ not + V1+ O KEYWORDS : morning
(?) Do/Does + S + V1 + O -Usually -Every -My father does not
-Often -Sometimes sleep in the bedroom
-Seldom -Never
-Always -Generally

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Example :
(+) S + is/am/are + Ving + O -He is riding bicycle right
(-) S + is/am/are+ not + Ving now
(?) Is/am/are + S + Ving + O KEYWORDS : -My father is not
-Now sleeping in the bedroom
-At present
-Right Now
-At this moment
 PAST TENSE
Past Tense is used to talk about a completed action or things that happened in a
time before now.
Example :
1. SIMPLE PAST
KEYWORDS : -Fina watched a movie
-Yesterday last night
(+) S + Verb 2 + O -Last -Bobby did not listen his
(-) S + did + not + Verb 1 + O -Adverb of time in the teacher’s advice
(?) Did + S + Verb 1 + O past (on 12th July 2000)

2. PAST CONTINUOUS

(+) S + was/were + Ving + O

(-) S + was/were + not +
KEYWORDS :
Ving + O
(?) Was/were + S + Ving + O
-at this time + yesterday Example :
-At this time + last
-Fina was watching
-At 7o’clock yesterday
movie last night
-the whole day yeterday
-Bobby was not listening
his teacher’s advice
 PERFECT TENSE
1. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect tense is used to describe something that happened in the past, it has a
relationship with the present.
(+) S + has/have+ Verb 3+ O
(-) S + has/have+ not + V 3
(?) Has/have + S + V3 + O
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(+) S + has/have+ been +
Ving + O
(-) S + has/have + not +
been + Ving + O
(?) Has/have + S + been +
Ving
KEYWORDS :
-Just now -Recently Example :
-Already -Several
-We have visited
-Yet -For
Indonesia several times
-Lately
-I have already drunk
two coffees this morning
Example :
-She has been crying for
KEYWORDS : 3 hours
-Just know -Recently -My father hasn’t
-Already -Several
sleeping for several day
-Lately -For
2. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Past Perfect Tense is used to talk about something that happened before another
action in the past.
(+) S + had + Verb 3 / been
(-) S + had + not + V3 / been
(?) Had + S + Verb 3 / been
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(+) S + had + been + Ving
(-) S + had not + been + Ving
(?) Had + S + been + Ving
KEYWORDS :
-Used after “When+S+V2” Example :
-Used after “by, by the -Jennie had watched a
time, before, when” movie when I arrived
-Bobby had not listened
his teacher’s advice
KEYWORDS :
-Used after “When+S+V2”
Example :
-Used after “by, by the
-I had been working at
time, by then, before”
the company for five
years when I got the
promotion.
 FUTURE TENSE
Future Tense is a verb tense that’s used to talk about actions or conditions that
haven’t happened yet, but expected happen in the future.
1. SIMPLE FUTURE
KEYWORDS : Example :
(+) S + will + Verb 1/ be + O -Tomorrow -We will go to abroad
(+) S + tobe + going to + V1 -Next next month
(-) S + will + not + V1/be + O -Tonight -They are going to swim
-Later -This year at the beach
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Example :
KEYWORDS :
-We are going to be
(+) S + will + be + Ving + O -At 7 o’clock tomorrow
(+) S + tobe + going to + be studying at this time
-At this time tomorrow
+ V1 -From now on tomorrow
(-) S + will+not+ be+ Ving+ O -From 7 to 9 o’clock -I will be eating at 6
tomorrow o’clock tomorrow
3. PAST FUTURE
(+) S + would + Verb 1+ O Example :
(+) S + was/were +going to + -My friend promised
Verb 1 would give you an ice
(-) S + would + not + V1 cream