NAVSTARGPS

GLONASS
Balauro, Gelvoleo, Pasaporte ECE5A
 NAVSTARGLOBAL
POSITIONING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
• The Navstar GPS is a satellite-based
radio navigation system that provides
continuous global coverage to an
unlimited number of users who are
equipped with receivers capable of
processing the signals being broadcast
by the satellites.
• The NAVSTAR system is managed by the
NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office,
located at Los Angeles Air Force Base.

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HISTORY
• Born in 1973 when the decision to develop a satellite system
(based on existing TRANSIT, TIMATION and 621B programs)
was made.
• The test phase spread between 1974 and 1979.
• A total of 11 GPS satellites, Block-I class, were launched into
space between 1978 and 1985.
• The first Block-II satellite was launched in February 1989.
• Initial Operational Capability was declared on 8th December
1993 and the last Block-II satellite completed the satellite
constellation later on, in March 1993.
• Final Operational Capability was declared on 17 July 1995
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TECHNICAL DETAILS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Constellation of Earth-
Orbiting Satellites Maintained by the United States Government for the
Purpose of Defining Geographic Positions On and Above the Surface of the
Earth. It consists of Three Segments:
• Space Segment
• Control Segment
• User Segment

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TECHNICAL DETAILS
• Space Segment
- This is known as the GPS constellation.
- Ephemeris, provides position in space at any specific
time.
• Control Segment
- Update ephemeris information for the satellite.
- Maintain information on the health of each satellite.
- Monitoring of GPS constellation status, correction to
the orbital parameters and navigation data uploading.
• User Segment
- Receiver can only receive satellite data, not transmit
data back to satellite. 6
SPECIFICATIONS
GPS receiver is operated continuously, under control of the 3rd
party application, with anticipated increased position solution
accuracy. Operating requirements are as follows:
• Power Consumption: 180 mW typical, 200 mW maximum.
• Cold Start TTFF: < 45 seconds @ 95% success rate.
• Cold Start Accuracy: 99% < 10 meters.
• Message Format: Minimum NMEA GGA, RMC, GSV and GSA
message types, at a rate configurable by the application
processor.
• Information: location, speed, heading and time (desirable:
odometer).
• Information Rate: Each message type sent once per second
by default, changeable by command.
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SPECIFICATIONS
• Orbital Inclination: 55 deg
• Orbital Altitude: 20,180 km
• Orbital Radius: 26,560 km
• Average elevation in statute miles: 9476
• Period of Revolution: 11h 58m
• Datum: WGS-84
• Repeat Ground Track: every 8 sidereal days
• Satellites per Orbital Plane: 4 unevenly spaced
• Carrier Signals: L1 band: 1571.42MHz L2 band: 1227.60MHz

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CHARACTERISTICS
• GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise
orbit and transmit signal information to earth.
• GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to
calculate the user's exact location.
• GPS receiver compares the time at signal was transmitted by
a satellite with the time when it was received user's position
and display it on the unit's electronic map.
• A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least
three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and
longitude) and 3D position.

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Providing the civil community • Multi-path errors
with high-precision position-
fixes • Vertical axis not that
accurate
• Flexible Navigation
• Earth’s atmosphere: signals
• Positions available anywhere
in the world, 24/7 slow or speed up
• Ionospheric
• Works in all weather
conditions • Atmospheric Delays

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APPLICATIONS
• Navigation
• Surveying
• Target acquisition and destruction
• Missile Guidance Systems (JDAM, Tomahawk III, JSOW)
• Data Collection
• Integration with INS for High dynamic environment
• Search & Rescue Ops

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GLONASS
INTRODUCTION
• GLONASS acronym for "Global Navigation
Satellite System", is a space-based
satellite navigation system operated by
the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces.
• It provides an alternative to Global
Positioning System (GPS) and is the only
alternative navigational system in
operation with global coverage and of
comparable precision.
• GLONASS mandatory use for Russian
critical infrastructure and governmental
applications.
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INTRODUCTION
Two services are available from GLONASS system:
• SPS: The Standard Positioning Service (or Standard Accuracy
Signal Service) is an open service, free of charge for
worldwide users.
• PPS: The Precise Positioning Service (or High Accuracy Signal
Service) is restricted to military and authorized users.
• GLONASS-k – started in 2011 again has 3 more types namely
k1, k2 and km for research.
• GLONASS-K2 – will be launched after 2015 (design phase)
• GLONASS-KM – will be launched after 2025 (research phase)

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HISTORY
• GLONASS – launched in 1982, the satellites launched were
intended to work for weather positioning, velocity measuring
and timing anywhere in the world.
• The period 1982-1985 marked the test phase with the launch
of 6 satellites.
• GLONASS was designed by a group of young professionals
from the city of Krasnoyarsk-26 led by Vladimir Cheremisin.
• Phase 2 spread between 1986 and 1993, with a constellation
of 12 satellites being built and an initial operational status
attained.

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HISTORY
• In 1993, the system operation (phase 3) aimed to achieve 24
satellite constellation and a normal system operation.
• GLONASS-M – launched in 2003 add second civil code. It is
important for GIS mapping receivers.
• On 25 Dec 2007, Russia successfully launched 3 GLONASS
satellites into space, raising the GLONASS constellation to 18
satellites.

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TECHNICAL DETAILS
• The GLONASS system transfers data to a ground control
station (GCS) using a standard precision (SP) signal and
modified high precision (HP) signal.
• Real-time data is transmitted to the GCS using a 15-channel
frequency division multiple access (FDMA) procedure.
• The satellites are placed into nominally circular orbits with
target inclinations of 64.8 degrees and an orbital radius of
19,140 km, about 1,060 km lower than GPS satellites.
• GLONASS deployment milestones:
• 18 satellites in constellation – 2007
• 24 satellites in constellation – 2010-2011

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TECHNICAL DETAILS
• GLONASS Space Segment (SS)
- Transmit radio-navigation signals, and store and retransmit
the navigation message sent by the Control Segment.
• GLONASS Ground Segment (CS)
- Responsible for the proper operation of the GLONASS
- Monitors the status of satellites
- Uploads the navigation data to the satellites.
• GLONASS User Segment (US)
- capable of determining the user position, velocity and
precise time by proccesing the signals broadcasted by satellites.

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SPECIFICATIONS
GLONASS GLONASS-M GLONASS-K
Guaranteed Life-time 3yrs 7yrs 10yrs
Satellite mass 1 415 kg 1 415 kg 850 kg
Power supply 1000 W 1 450 W 1 270 W
Mass 180 kg 250 kg 260 kg
Power consumption 600 W 580 W 750 W
Clock stability (24 hours) 5*10-13 1*10-13 1*10-13
Attitude control accuracy 0.5 deg 0.5 deg 0.5 deg
Solar panel pointing
5 deg 2 deg 1 deg
accuracy
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SPECIFICATIONS
• Orbital Inclination: 64 deg 8’
• Orbital Altitude: 19,140 km
• Orbital Radius: 25,510 km
• Period of Revolution: 11h 15m
• Datum: PZ-90
• Repeat Ground Track: every sidereal day
• Satellites per Orbital Plane: 8 evenly spaced
• Carrier Signals: L1 band: 1602+k(9/16) L2 band: 1246+k(7/16)

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CHARACTERISTICS
• GLONASS satellites work much the same as the U.S. NAVSTARs,
including flying nearly 12,000 miles above Earth and
transmitting on two frequencies in the 1200-1600 MHz range.
• They are spaced in orbit so a user on the ground can see at
least five satellites at any time.
• While for GPS, each satellite transmits the same codes, this is
not the case for GLONASS. GLONASS satellites emit their signal
each at different frequencies.
• The mean frequency for L1 is in the vicinity of 1602MHz
(between 1597 and 1617MHz) and for L2 it is 1246 MHz
(between 1240 and 1260MHz).

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• GLONASS can track through • When used alone GLONASS
huge buildings or subways doesn’t have that strong
accurately coverage as GPS
• Faster fix • Larger and more expensive
than GPS
• Slightly less accurate than GPS

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APPLICATIONS
• Communication and energy systems synchronization
• Geodesy: GLONASS and GLONASS\GPS receivers are used to
determine precise coordinates of points and land parcel
boundaries
• Cartography: GLONASS is used in civilian and military
• Tectonics: tectonic plates movements and convulsions are
tracked using satellites
• Navigation: global positioning systems are used for maritime
and roadway navigation
• Satellite monitoring: ERA-GLONASS project is motor vehicle
position and velocity monitoring and control over their
movements 24
GPS VS. GLONASS
• For one, GLONASS has fewer satellites in its constellation.
GPS has 32 which circle the globe in 6 orbital planes, or
paths of orbit. GLONASS has 24 satellites with 3 orbital
planes. This could potentially lead to reduced positioning
accuracy.
• The biggest difference between GPS and GLONASS is how
they communicate with receivers.
• With GPS, satellites use the same radio frequencies but have
different codes for communication. With GLONASS, satellites
have the same codes but use unique frequencies.

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