 A semiconductor diode

has a conventional PN
junction with excellent
operational
characteristics.
 It has a very low forward-bias
resistance which allows large
current flow. Its reverse bias
resistance is extremely high, causing
the diode to appear as an open
circuit blocking current to pass
in the reverse direction.
Unlike passive devices such as
resistors, capacitors or coils which
allow current to flow in either
direction, diodes allow current to
flow only in one direction which
make it an excellent solid state
switch.
 A semiconductor diode is
composed of two electrodes,
the anode and cathode,
which are illustrated as a
hole-electron pair.
 The anode, which is the
positive region is composed
of holes equal to its electrons
(cathode in the negative
region).
When power source (EMF) is
applied to a diode in a forward-
bias condition, the electrons are
forced towards the PN
junction.
OPERATION OF DIODE

P N PN JUNC
TION

FORWARD BIAS
When the source is applied in a
reverse bias position, the electron
forced from the PN junction, thus
increasing its resistance and
resulting to zero current flow
through its junction and making
the diode act as a load.
OPERATION OF DIODE
P N PN JUNC
TION

REVERSE BIAS
When excessive reverse bias
voltage is applied to the diode,
it maybe destroyed, because it
blocks current that f lows in its
junction.
 As in ordinary PN junction
devices, the zener diode also
displays characteristics of an
ordinary diode.
What makes it differ in from
the other diodes is its ability to
withstand the breakdown point
voltage (zener voltage).
 When it is bias in the forward
direction, it displays the
characteristics of a conventional
silicon diode and allows a large
amount of current to flow through
its junction.
 When bias in the opposite
direction (reverse), it operates
like a conventional diode, until
the breakdown voltage reached.
 At this point the reverse
current rapidly increases, while
the voltage drops across the
diode and remains practically
constant.
This is a special PN junction
diode made of special
compounds of gallium (Ga).
The PN junction emits light
when current passes through it.
A plastic lens is used to direct
and magnify the small amount
of light emitted by the LED
chip.
 LED comes in a variety of
colors such as red ,yellow,
orange , green and white,
depending on the materials used
for the LED chip.
Typical values vary from
1.5 volts, 20mA to 3
volts, 50 mA
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