Sec4-4: (Day1) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Sec4-4: #2-38 evens

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Makes a connection between

Indefinite Integrals (Antiderivatives) and Definite Integrals (“Area”)

Historically, indefinite integration has always been defined to be

the inverse of differentiation.
is the collection of all possible anti-derivatives of
 f ( x)dx f(x), which happen to differ only by a constant.

But definite integration, motivated by the problem of finding areas

under curves, was originally defined as a limit of Riemann sums.

Is the limit of any Riemann sum as the number of

b
 a
f ( x)dx rectangles approaches infinity … provided the
limit of the Lower and the limit of the Upper
Riemann sums are equal.
Only later was it discovered that the limits of these Riemann
sums can actually be computed with antiderivatives, leading to
our modern Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
b
_______________________________
a
f ( x)dx  g (b)  g (a) if g ( x)  f ( x)
and only if _________________

The fundamental theorem allows us to calculate definite integrals

b lim (Riemann Sum)
 a
f ( x)dx 
n

By using anti-derivatives (indefinite integrals)


g ( x)  f ( x)
 f ( x)dx  g ( x) _________________
Proof of The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(1) Write down the definition of the definite integral.

(2) Write down the definition of the indefinite integral.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Mean Value Theorem:

If (1) g is a continuous on a/an __________________ interval
(2) g is differentiable on a/an __________________ interval.
Then, there is a mean value, x = c, in the open interval (a,b)
such that

(3) How can you be sure that the mean value theorem applies to
the function
g ( x)   f ( x)dx
Exploration 5-6b: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(4) The figure shows function g in problem 2.

Write the conclusion f the mean value theorem as it applies to g
on the interval from x = a to x = x1, and illustrate the conclusion
on the graph.
Exploration 5-6b: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(4) The figure shows function g in problem 2.

Write the conclusion f the mean value theorem as it applies to g
on the interval from x = a to x = x1, and illustrate the conclusion
on the graph.
Slope of tangent line = slope of secant line
g ( x1 )  g (a)
g (c) 
x1  a
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(5) The figure shows function f (x) from Problem 2.

Let c1, c2, c3, …, cn be the sample points determined by the
mean value theorem as in problem 4.

b
Write a Riemann sum Rn for
 a
f ( x)dx

Use these sample points and

equal Dx values.

Show the Reimann sum on

the graph.
Exploration 5-6b: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(5) Write a Riemann sum Rn for

b
 a
f ( x)dx

R n  Dxf (c1 )  Dxf (c2 )  Dxf (c3 )  Dxf (c4 )  ...  Dxf (cn1 )  Dxf (cn )
Exploration 5-6b: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
On a separate sheet of paper, write down what is on this page and fill in the blanks
By the mean value theorem: By the definition of indefinite integrals,
Slope of tangent = Slope of Secant
g is an anti-derivative of f if g’(x)=f (x)
g ( x1 )  g (a)
g (c1 )  g (c1 )  f (c1 )
Dx
g ( x2 )  g ( x1 )
g (c2 )  g(c2 )  f (c2 )
Dx
g (c3 )  g (c3 ) 

g (c4 )  g (c4 ) 

g ( xn 1 )  g ( xn  2 )
g (cn 1 ) 
Dx g (cn1 ) 

g (cn )  g (cn ) 
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
g ( x1 )  g (a)
(6) By the mean value theorem: g (c1 ) 
Dx
By the definition of indefinite integrals, g (c1 )  f (c1 )
By appropriate substitutions,
show that Rn from problem 5 is equal to: g (b)  g (a)

Make a substitution into the Riemann sum we wrote in problem 5.

R n  Dxf (c1 )  Dxf (c2 )  Dxf (c3 )  Dxf (c4 )  ...  Dxf (cn1 )  Dxf (cn )
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(6) By appropriate substitutions,
show that Rn from problem 5 is equal to:

Make a substitution into the Riemann sum we wrote in problem 5.

R n  Dxf (c1 )  Dxf (c2 )  Dxf (c3 )  Dxf (c4 )  ...  Dxf (cn1 )  Dxf (cn )

g(c1 )  f (c1 ) g(c2 )  f (c2 )

 g ( x1 )  g (a ) 
R n  Dx   Dx   Dx 
 Dx 

 Dx  ...  Dx   Dx 

Rewrite the reimann sum from the previous page

Rn 

cancel the Dx

Rn 

Rearrange the terms so you can see what will cancel

Rn 

Cancel everything that will cancel to get …

Rn 
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(7) Rn from Problem 6 is independent of n, the number of increments.
Use this fact, and the fact that Ln < Rn < Un to prove that the fundamental
b

theorem of calculus:
f ( x)dx  g (b)  g (a)
a

b lim (Any Riemann Sum) Since

 a
f ( x)dx 
n
Ln < Rn < Un

lim (R n )

n
lim g(b) - g(a)
 Since Rn=g(b)-g(a)
n
b
 a
f ( x)dx  g (b)  g (a)
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(8) The conclusion in Problem 7 is called the fundamental
theorem of calculus. Show that you understand what it says by
using it to find the exact value of: 4 1
 1
x 2 dx 

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

b
 a
f ( x)dx  g (b)  g (a) Provide that g is an antiderivative of f

1st Find g(x), an antiderivative of f

2nd Evaluate g(x) at a=1 and at b=4
3rd Subtract to get the exact value:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(8) Show that you understand what it says by using it to find the
exact value of: 4 1

1
2
 x dx 
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
b Provide that g is an antiderivative of f
 a
f ( x)dx  g (b)  g (a)

3 3
2 4 3 2(8) 16
g (4)   
3
x 2 2x 2 2 x
g ( x)   
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 13 2
g (1)  
3 3
16 2 14
4 1 14 g (4)  g (1)   
 1
x dx 2
3
 4.67 3 3 3