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It can occur even when the bond between the material &
dentin is intact.
DENTIN BONDING-
Smear layer
Numerous studies have shown removal of the smear layer
improves the strength of the bond between dentin &
restorative materials.
Cast alloys contain several noble & non noble metals but the
pulp is more likely to be affected by the luting cement.
GLASS IONOMERS-
In screening tests, freshly prepared ionomer is mildly
toxic, reduces with time.
Fluoride release may cause cytotoxicity.
Histological studies show any inflammatory infiltrate is
minimal or absent after 1 month.
There have been several reports of pulpal hyperalgesia for
short periods .
LINERS,VARNISHES & NON-RESIN
CEMENTS-
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE-
Tooth sensitivity
Reaction of other oral soft tissues to
restorative materials
Components from dental materials & plaque may
synergize to enhance inflammatory reactions.
• Gingival inflammation
• Copper – bactericidal
• Severe reactions to gallium based alloys- Galloys
• Galloy restorations were associated with a much greater
severity of post-operative sensitivity than Dispersalloy
restorations.
Release of plasticizers
Extremely cytotoxic
Reaction of soft tissues to
Impression materials
The proliferation of gingival fibroblasts in vitro is highly
reduced by the presence of polyethers
Oldest type
Most common-Titanium
E= stress
strain
Elastic modulus describes the relative stiffness or rigidity
of a material
These utilize portable indenters and are used in industry for quality
control the principle of these tests is alos based on resistance to
indentation
Stress concentration factors of
material
Refers to the microscopic flows or micro and macro
structural defects on the surface or within the internal
structure
These factors are more accentuated in brittle material and
are responsible for unexpected fractures at stress much
below ultimate strength.
The stress is higher when the flow is perpendicular to
direction of tensile stress and flows on the surface
accumulated higher stresses
Areas of high stress concentration are caused by
following factors:
Surface flows i.e. voids are inclusions
Interior flows i.e. voids or inclusions
A sharp internal angle at the pulpal axial angle of a tooth
preparation for an amalgam or composite restoration
A large difference in elastic modulus or thermal expansion
coefficient across a bonded interface
Hertzian load i.e. applied at a point on a brittle material
There are several ways to minimize these stress
concentrations, thus reduce the risk of clinical fracture:
The surface can be polished to reduce the depth of the flow
Internal line angles of tooth preparation should be well
rounded to minimize the risk of cusp fracture
The materials must be closely matched in their coefficient
of expansion or contraction
The cusp tip of an opposing crown or tooth should be well
rounded distribute stress over a larger area for brittle
materials
Mechanical properties of tooth
structure and mastication forces
The mechanical properties of enamel and dentin varies one type of
tooth to another, within individual teeth than between teeth and
position of tooth.
That is cuspal enamel is stronger than enamel on other surfaces of
tooth stronger under longitudinal compression than lateral
compression
Dentin is considerably stronger in tension (50MPa) than enamel
(10MPa),
Compressive strength of enamel and dentin are comparable
The proportional limit and modulus of elasticity of enamel are higher
than dentin
Mastication or bitting forces varies mankedly varies from
one area of the mouth to another and from one individual
to another.
For the molar Bite force range from: 400 to 890N (90 to 200
pounds)