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Measurements and
Calculations
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
Measurement
• Quantitative observation.
• Has 2 parts – number and
unit.
Number tells
comparison.
Unit tells scale.
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
Concept Check
a) 7.882 × 104
b) 788.2 × 103
c) 7.882 × 103
d) 7.882 × 10–3
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
Concept Check
a) 4.96 × 10–5
b) 4.96 × 10–6
c) 4.96 × 10–7
d) 496 × 107
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
good precision
poor accuracy good accuracy
good accuracy
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Section 2.1
Scientific Notation
Measurement Accuracy
How long is this line?
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Section 2.2
Units
Nature of Measurement
Measurement
• Quantitative observation consisting of two parts.
number
scale (unit)
• Examples
20 grams
6.63 × 10–34 joule·seconds
If a CHP asks you what do you have and you answer I have 3
kilos, you may go to jail. You should have said I have 3 kg of
doughnuts for my chemistry instructor.
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Section 2.1
lll
Scientific Notation
Measurement in Chemistry
Length Mass Volume Time
meter gram Liter second
SI System
2.54 cm = 1 in
454 g = 1 lb
1 (cm)3 = 1 cc = 1 ml = 1 gwater
1.06 qt = 1 L
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Section 2.2
Units
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Section 2.3
Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass
Length
• Fundamental SI unit of length is the meter.
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Section 2.3
Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass
Volume
• Measure of the amount
of 3-D space occupied
by a substance.
• SI unit = cubic meter
(m3)
• Commonly measure
solid volume in cm3.
• 1 mL = 1 cm3
• 1 L = 1 dm3
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Section 2.3
Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass
Mass
• Measure of the amount
of matter present in an
object.
• SI unit = kilogram (kg)
• 1 kg = 2.2046 lbs
• 1 lb = 453.59 g
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Section 2.3
Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass
Concept Check
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
Measurement of Length Using a Ruler
• The length of the pin occurs at about 2.85 cm.
Certain digits: 2.85 Estimate between smallest
Uncertain digit: 2.85 division!
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Significant Figures
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
Rules of Determining the Number of Significant
Figures
4. All zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are NOT
significant.
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
Rules of Determining the Number of Significant
Figures
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
Rules of Determining the Number of Significant
Figures
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
How many significant figures are in each of the
following?
1) 23.34 4 significant figures
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
Chapter 2b
Measurements and
Calculations
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
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Section 2.4
Uncertainty in Measurement
(23.345)(14.5)(0.523) = ? 177.0368075
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Section 2.5
Significant Figures
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Section 2.5
Significant Figures
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Section 2.5
Significant Figures
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Section 2.5
Significant Figures
Concept Check
Example #1
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Section 2.6
Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis
Example #1
12 in
6.8 ft � = in
1 ft
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Example #1
12 in
6.8 ft � = 82 in
1 ft
Example #2
1 kg 1000 g
4.50 lbs � � = 2.04 �103 g
2.2046 lbs 1 kg
454 g
OR 4.50 lbs x -------------- = 2043g = 2.04x10 3 g
1 lb
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Section 2.6
Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis
Concept Check
1 gal $3.25
2500 mi � � = $325 = $(3.3x102)
25 mi 1 gal
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Section 2.7
Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius Gabriel Fahrenheit
• Kelvin
Lord Kelvin
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Section 2.7
Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving
F = 1.8C + 32
C = (F-32)/1.8
K = C + 273
What is 35oC in oF? 95 oF
Exercise
Exercise
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Solution
TC =o
(T F
o - 32 )
1.80
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Solution
(T F o - 32 ) x=
(x - 32 )
TC =
1.80
o
1.80
x = -32/0.80 x = - 40
So –40°C = –40°F
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mass
Density =
volume
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Section 2.8
Density
Example #1
mass
Density =
volume
17.8 g
Density =
2.35 cm3
3
Density = 7.57 g/cm
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Example #2
mass x
Density = 0.85 g/mL =
volume 49.6 mL
mass = x = 42 g
OR
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Section 2.8
Density
Exercise
�243.8 g �
� 1L �
�1mL �
� �
� �
� �= 1.95g/ cm
3
�0.125 L �
�1000mL �
�1cm � 3
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Section 2.8
Density
How many lbs of sugar is in 945 gallons of 60.0 Brix (% sugar) orange
concentrate if the density of the concentrate is 1.2854 g/mL?
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Section 2.8
Density
M
D= Solve for Mass DV = M
V
(1.2854 g/mL)(256,000 mL) = 329062.4 gT = 3.29 x 105 gT
Concept Check
c) 58.4 mL
d) 83.7 mL 8.37 mL Cu + 50.0 mL water = 58.4 mL
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