Literature reviews are designed

to provide an overview of sources

the researcher has explored while
researching a particular topic and
to demonstrate to the readers
how the research fits within a
larger field of study (University
of Southern California). The
following are the basic types of
the literature review:
• This form examine literature selectively in order
to support or refute an argument, deeply
imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem
already established in the literature. The
purpose is to develop a body of literature that
establishes opposite perspective. Given the
value- laden nature of some social science
research [e.g., educational reform; immigration
control], argumentative approaches to
analyzing the literature can be a legitimate
and important form of discourse.
• This is considered a form of research that
reviews, critiques, and synthesizes
representative literature on a topic in an
integrated way such that new frameworks
and perspective on the topic are generated.
The body of literature includes all studies
that address related or identical hypotheses
or research problems. A well-done integrated
review meets the same standard as primary
research in regard to clarity, rigor and
replication. This is the most common form
of review in the social sciences.
• The purpose of historical review is to
systematically examine past events to give
an account of what has happened in the
past. It is not a mere accumulation of facts
and dates or even a description of past
events. Historical review is a flowing,
dynamic accounts of past events which
involves an interpretation of these events in
an attempt to recapture the nuances,
personalities, and ideas that influenced these
events. The main focus of this is to
communicate an understanding of past
events.
• A review does not always focus on what
someone said but how they came
about(method of analysis). Reviewing
method of analysis provides a framework
of understanding at different levels (i.e.
those of theory, substantive fields,
research approaches, and data collection
and analysis techniques), how researchers
draw upon a wide variety of knowledge
ranging from the conceptual level to
practical documents for use in fieldwork
• in the areas of ontological and
epistemological consideration,
quantitative and qualitative
integration, sampling, interviewing,
data collection and data analysis.
This approach helps highlight ethical
issues which you should be aware
of and consider as you go through
your own study.
• Its purpose is to attain conclusion
regarding the chosen topic. This form
consists of an overview of an existing
evidence pertinent to a clearly
formulated research question, which
uses pre-specified and standardized
methods to identify and critically
appraise relevant research, and to
collect, report, and analyze data from
the studies that are included in the
review.
• Its purpose is to examine the body of theory
that has accumulated in regard to an issue,
concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical
literature review helps to establish what
theories already exist, the relationship between
them, to what degree the existing theories have
been investigated, and to develop new
hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is
used to help establish a lack of appropriate
theories or reveal that current theories are
inadequate for explaining new or emerging
research problems. The unit of analysis can
focus on a theoretical concept or a whole
theory or framework.
• 1. to provide justification of the study
• 2. to identify gaps, problems and needs
of related studies
• 3. to provide rationale of the study as
well as the reasons of conducting the
study
• 4. to have basis the will be used to
support findings of the study
 Sarno (2010) enumerated the different
characteristics of the literature and studies to
be cited in the present study:
1. The materials must be as recent as possible,
may be 10 years back.
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased
as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Coherence principle must be observered in
writing literature review.
Sample Review of Related
Literature and studies
Reference is an important part of a
research paper. It must be consistent
and easy to read across different
papers.
Referencing is a method used to
demonstrate to the readers that you
have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and
reading.
1. APA (American Psychological
Association). APA is an author/date-
based style. This means emphasis is
placed on the author and the date of
a piece of work to uniquely identify
it.
2.MLA (Modern Language Association).
MLA is most often applied by the
arts and humanities, particularly in
the USA. It is arguably the most well
used of all of the citation styles.
3. HARVARD. Harvard is very
similar to APA. Where APA is
primarily used in the USA, Harvard
referencing is the most well used
referencing style in UK and
Australia, and is encouraged for use
with the humanities.
4. VANCOUVER. The Vancouver
system is mainly used in medical and
scientific papers.
5. Chicago and Turabian. These are two
separate styles but are very similar, just like
Harvard and APA. These are widely used for
history and economics. Most of the education
researchers and social science researchers used
American Psychological Association (APA)
referencing. APA requires that information be
cited in 2 different ways―within the text
and in a reference list at the end of the
paper. The reference list should be on a new
page, double spaced, and used the hanging
indent method (all lines after the first one
are indented).
• Direct Quotation
use quotation mark around the
quote and include page and numbers.
Ex:
Samovar and Porter (1997) point
out that “language involves attaching
meaning to symbols” (p.188).
Alternatively, “Language involves
attaching meaning to symbols”
(Samovar and Porter, 1997, p.188)
• Indirect Quotation/Paraphrasing
No quotation marks.

Ex:
Attaching meaning to
symbols is considered to be the
origin written language (Samovar
and Porter, 1997).
• Citation from a secondary
source

As Hall (1997) asserts, “culture

also defines boundaries of
different groups’ (as cited in
Samovar and Porter, 1997, p.14)
In a reference list In-text citation
1. Book with one author (King, 2000) or King (2000)
compares Frame…
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel:
A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New
Zealand: Viking.
2. Books with 2 authors (Dancy and Reidy, 2004) or
Dancy and Reidy (2004) said…
Dancy, C. P. , & Reidy, J. (2004). Statistics
without maths for psychology: Using
SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). Harlow,
England: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
3. Book with 3-5 authors (Krause, Brochner, & Duchesne,
2006)
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.
(2006). Educational psychology for If used first time then in
learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South subsequent citations, (Krause, et
al., 2006)
Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
In a reference list In-text citation

4. Book or report by a corporate author e.g. organization,

association, government department. (University of Waikato,
1967)
University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of
residence (Information series No.3).
Hamilton, New Zealand: Author.
5. Book chapter in edited book (Helber, 1995) or
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts Helber (1995)
for new markets. In M.V. Conlin & T. Baum compares luxury
resorts…
(Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles
and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester,
England: John Wiley.
6. Conference Paper online (Bochner, 1996) or
Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher According to Bochner
education: Issues to be addressed in developing a (1996)
mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian
Association for Research in Education Conference,
Singapore. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
In a reference list In-text citation

7. Course handout/Lecture notes (Salter,2007)

Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A
[PowerPoint Slides]. Hamilton, New Zealand:
University of Wakaito.

8. Film (see Library APA referencing webpage for (Zhang, 2000)

music and other media)

Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). Not one less

[Motion picture]. China: Columbia Picture.
9. Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic (Hohepa, Schofield,
version) with DOI & Kolt, 2006)
Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. (2006). Physical Then subsequently, it
activity: What do high school students think? Journal 3-5 authors
(Hohepa et al.,
of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 328-336.
2006)
doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.024
In a reference list In-text citation

10. Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI (Harrison & Papa,
Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous 2005) or Harrison
knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion and Papa (2005)
recommend…

school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from

ProQuest Education Journals database.
11. Journal article – academic/scholarly (print version) (Gibbs, 2005) or
Gibbs, M. (2005). The right to development and indigenous peoples: Gibbs (2005)
Lessons from New Zealand. World Development, 33(8), 1365-1378. contradicts…

12. Journal article – academic/scholarly (internet only- no print version)

Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d). The psychology of heavy metal
communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz./wfass/tkka
Example of citations
Vancouver example
Harvard example