Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Processes
• Reversible Process - A process whose direction
can be "reversed" by inducing infinitesimal
changes to some property of the system via its
surroundings. Friction is not involved.

• Irreversible - An irreversible process can be

described as a thermodynamic process that
departs from equilibrium. Friction is involved.
Example:
What is the weight of a 66kgm man at standard conditi

Mass is in Kg-m value,

therefore, Gravity is in standard
𝒌𝒈𝒎 − 𝒎
K = 9.8066 𝒌𝒈𝒇 − 𝒔𝟐 values: 9.8066 m/s2 ,
32.174 ft/s2
Example:
The weight of an object is 50lbf, what is its mass in
at standard condition?

Gravity is in standard
values: 32.174 ft/s2 ,
9.8066 m/s2 Weight is in lbf , mass is in
lbm value, therefore,
K = 32.174 𝒍𝒃𝒎 − 𝒇𝒕
𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒔𝟐
Example:

Five masses in a region where the

acceleration due to gravity is 30.5 ft/s2
are as follows: M1 is 500gm, M2 weighs
800gf, M3 weighs 15 poundals, M4 is 0.10
slug of mass. What is the total mass
Grammass

expressed in a poundsPOUNDALS
Gramforce (b) slugs
WHUT?!(c) grams.

Gravity is not standard

Another Example?
Example:

Note that the gravity acceleration at

equatorial sea level is g=32.088 fps2 and that
its variation is -0.003 fps2 per 1000 ft
ascent.
Example:

Find the height in miles above this point for

which a) the gravity acceleration becomes 30.504
fps2, b) the weight of a given man is decreased
by 5% c) What is the weight of a 180 lbm man
atop the 29,131 ft Mt. Everest in Tibet relative
to this point?
Example:

Note that the gravity acceleration at

equatorial sea level is g=32.088 fps2 and that
its variation is -0.003 fps2 per 1000 ft
ascent. Gravity reduces by that value
per increase in height.
Gravity is not standard
Density and Specific
Volume Relations

1 1
ρ= V=
𝑉 ρ
Density and Specific
Weight Relations

ρ=
𝛾𝑘 ρ𝑔
𝑔 𝛾=
𝑘
Example:

What is the specific weight ofstandard

air at condition?

Recall: Air density @

standard condition
 Example:
Water is the liquid used to measure
atmospheric pressure

A vertical column of water will be supported to

what height by standard atmospheric pressure.

Pressure measured is seen to be at

atmospheric value

So how do we relate pressure value and height?

Example:

The pressure of a water boiler is 9.5 kg/cm2.

The barometric pressure of the atmosphere is
768mm of Hg. Find the absolute pressure in the
water boiler in kg/cm2.
First Law of Thermodynamics
W
Example:

During a steady flow process, the pressure of

the working substance drops from 200 to 20 psia,
the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the
internal energy of the open system decreases 25
Btu/lb, and the specific volume increases from 1
to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is transferred
Example:

Determine the work per lb. Is it done on or by

the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10lb
per min. (1hp = 42.4Btu/ min).
Example:

For a certain ideal gas R = 2b.8 ft-lb/ lb-R and

k =1.09
(A) What are the values of cp and cv? (B) What
mass of this gas would occupy a volume of 15 ft3
at 75 psia and 80oF? (C) lf 30 Btu are
transferred to this gas at constant volume in
(B), what are the resulting temperature and
pressure?
Example:

For a certain gas R =320 J/kg-K and cv = 0.84

kJ/kg-K (a) Find cp and k. (b) If 5 kg of this
gas undergo a reversible non-flow constant
pressure process from V1 = 1.133 m3 and P1 = 690
kPa to a state where t2 = 555oC, find ΔU and ΔH.
Example:

A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R and k =

1.26. If 20 BTU are added to 5lbm of this gas at constant
volume when the initial temperature is 90o F, find (A) T2
ΔH, ΔS, ΔU and (B) Work for a non flow process.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
 P 2
Since, there is no change in
volume work is zero-(0). By the
First Law of Thermodynamics,
Internal Energy for an Isochoric
process is just equal to heat

V
 T
The area under the curve is the
product of T and S which is Heat.
Q

S
 P
Since, there is no change in
volume work is zero-(0). By W
the First Law of
Thermodynamics, Internal
Energy for an Isochoric
process is just equal to heat

V
T
Q

S
P
W

V
T
S

S
P
W

V
T

S
Example:

If 10 kg/min of air are compressed isothermally from p1

=, 96 kPa V1= 7.65 m3/min to p2 = 620 kPa, find the work,
the change of entropy and the heat for a non flow
process.
End of Part 1