Different Ways of Presenting

and Interpreting Data

(Graphical and Tabular Forms)
 Learning Objective

 To identify and describe

different ways of presenting
and interpreting data (graphical
and tabular forms)
Key Understanding
 Knowledge of different ways in
presenting and interpreting data
(graphical and tabular forms)
Key Question
 What are the different ways in
presenting and interpreting data?
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

Step 1: Preparing the Data

 Keep in mind that no data organization means no

sound data analysis.
 Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

Step 1: Preparing the Data

Two preparatory sub-steps:
1. Coding System - Converting the words, images, or
pictures into numbers, they become fit for any
analytical procedures requiring knowledge of
arithmetic and mathematical computations.
2. Data Tabulation -for easy classification and
distribution of numbers based on a certain criterion,
you have to collate them with the help of a graph
called Table. Used for frequency and percentage
distribution, this kind of graph is an excellent data
organizer that researchers find indispensable.
Example of Tabulated data : Total Sample Size: 24

Gender Male: 11 (46%)

Female: 13 (54%)
Course Fine Arts: 9 (37%)
Architecture: 6 (25%)
Journalism: 4 (17%)
Com. Arts: 5 (20%)
School FEU: 3 (12%)
MLQU: 4 (17%)
PLM: 3 (12%)
PUP: 5 (20%)
TIP: 4 (17%)
U.E.: 5 (20%)
Attended in 2016 Summer Arts Seminar- Yes: 18 (75%)
Workshop No: 6 (25%)
Role in the 2016 Seminar-Workshop on Arts Speaker: 4 (17%)
Organizer: 3 (12%)
Demonstrator: 5 (20%)
Participant: 12 (50%)
Satisfaction with the demonstration and practice Strongly agree: 11 ( 46%)
exercises Agree: 5 (20%)
Neutral: 2 (8%)
Disagree: 4 (14%)
Strongly disagree: 2 (8%)
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis

Step 2: Analyzing the Data

 Data coding and tabulation are the two
important things you have to do in preparing
the data for analysis.

 Before immersing yourself into studying every

component of the data, decide on the kind of
quantitative analysis you have to use, whether
to use simple descriptive statistical techniques
or advanced analytical methods.
Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

1. Descriptive Statistical Technique

 This technique provides a summary of the

orderly or sequential data obtained from the
sample through the data-gathering
instrument used. The results of the analysis
reveal the following aspects of an item in a
set of data (Morgan 2014; Punch 2014;
Walsh 2010)
Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

 Frequency Distribution – gives you the frequency

of distribution and percentage of the occurrence
of an item in asset of data. In other words, it gives
you the number of responses given repeatedly for
one question.

 Nominal (and ordinal) data can be summarized in

a table that lists individual categories and their
respective frequency counts, i.e., a frequency
distribution.
Example of Frequency Distribution
Question: By and large, do you find the Senators’ attendance in
2015 legislative sessions awful?

Measurement Code Frequency Percent

Scale Distribution Distribution

Strongly agree 1 14 58%

Agree 2 3 12%
Neutral 3 2 8%
Disagree 4 1 4%
Strongly 5 4 17%
disagree
 Example of Frequency Distribution with Graph

Highest Frequency Percentage

Educational
Attainment

Elementary 16 14.5%
High School 28 25.5%

College/ 60 54.5%
Vocational

Post 6 5.5%
Graduate/
MA/PHD
 Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

 Measure of Central Tendency – indicates the

different positions or values of the items, such
that in a in a category of data, you find an item or
items serving as the:
• Mean – average of all the items or scores
Example: 3 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 3 + 10 + 3 = 38
38 ÷ 7 = 5.43 (Mean)
 Table. Respondents’ Attitude towards
Persons With Autism
Attitude toward Frequency Percentage Mean
PWA

Positive (3.01-5.0) 103 85.83% 3.733

Negative (1.0-2.9) 13 10.83% 2.667
Neutral (3) 4 3.33%
 Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

• Median – the score in the middle of the set of

items that cuts or divides the set into two groups
Example: The numbers in the example for the
Mean has 2 as the Median.
• Mode – refers to the item or score in the data set
that has the most repeated appearance in the
set.
Example: Again, in the given example above for
the Mean, 3 is the Mode.
 Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

 Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the

difference of the data from the mean. An
examination of this gap between the mean and
the data gives you an idea about the extent of the
similarities and differences between the
respondents.
 Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

 Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the

difference of the data from the mean. An
examination of this gap between the mean and
the data gives you an idea about the extent of the
similarities and differences between the
respondents.
Mathematical operations that you have to do
to determine the standard deviation.
Step 1. Compute the Mean.
Step 2. Compute the deviation (difference) between each
respondent’s answer (data item) and the mean. The plus
sign (+) appears before the number if the difference is
higher; negative sign (−), if the difference is lower.
Step 3. Compute the square of each deviation.
Step 4. Compute the sum of squares by adding the squared
figures.
Step 5. Divide the sum of squares by the number of data
items to get the variance.
Step 6. Compute the square root of variance figure to get
standard deviation.
Sample Table
Standard Deviation of the category of data collected from selected
faculty members of one university.

(Step 1) Mean: 7

(Step 2) (Step 3)

Data Item Deviation Square of Deviation

1 −8 68
2 −5 25
6 −1 1
6 −1 1
8 +8 1
6 −1 1
6 −1 1
14 +7 49
16 +9 81
______
Total: 321
(Step 4) Sum of Squares: 321
(Step 5) Variance = 36 (321 ÷ 9)
(Step 6) Standard Deviation –6 (square root of 6)
 Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques

2. Advanced Quantitative Analytical Methods

 An analysis of quantitative data that involves

the use of more complex statistical methods
needing computer software like the SPSS,
STATA, or MINITAB, among others, occurs
among graduate-level students taking their MA
or PhD degrees.
 Advance Method Quantitative
Data Analysis

1. Correlation – uses statistical analysis to yield

results that describe the relationship of two
variables. The results, however, are
incapable of establishing causal
relationships.
 Advance Method of Quantitative
Data Analysis

2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – the results of

this statistical analysis are sued to determine if
the difference in the means or averages of two
categories of data are statistically significant.

 Example: If the mean of the grades of a student

attending tutorial lessons is significantly different
from the mean of the grades of a student not
attending tutorial lessons
 Advance Method of Quantitative
Data Analysis
3. Regression
 Has some similarities with correlation, in that, it also
shows the nature of relationship of variables, but gives
more extensive result than that of correlation.
 Aside from indicating the presence of relationship
between two variables, it determines whether a variable is
capable of predicting the strength of the relation between
the treatment (independent variable) and the outcome
(dependent variable).
 Just like correlation, regression is incapable of
establishing cause-effect relationships.
Example: If reviewing with music (treatment variable) is a
statistically significant predictor of the extent of the concept
learning (outcome variable) of a person