Building Materials & Construction - 4

CEMENT
 INDEX

INTRODUCTION METHOD OF SETTING OF COMPOSITION

TO CEMENT PREPARATION CEMENT OF CEMENT

TYPES OF USES OF COMPOSTION

ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET
CEMENT CEMENT IMPACT
OF CEMENT SURVEY
WHAT IS CEMENT?
 INTRODUCTION
A Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens can
bind other materials together.

Cements used in construction can be characterized as being

either hydraulic or non-hydraulic depending upon the ability
of the cement to be used in the presence of water.

Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater, rather it

sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air.

Hydraulic cement is made by replacing some of the cement in a mix with

activated aluminum silicates, pozzolanas, such as fly ash.
METHOD OF
PREPARATION
 How do they manufacture ?
1. Mining the raw material
2. Transportation of raw material
3. Crushing
4. Pre-homogenization
5. Raw material mill
6. Raw material homogenization
7. Calcination
8. Cement milling
9. Cement packaging and shipping
MANUFACTURING PROCESS VIDEO
SETTING OF CEMENT
 Curing or setting of cement
Cement sets or cures when mixed with water which causes a
series of hydration chemical reactions. The interlocking of
crystals gives cement its strength.
Maintaining a high moisture content in cement during curing
increases both the speed of curing, and its final strength.
Gypsum is often added to Portland cement to prevent early
hardening, allowing a longer working time. The time taken for
initial hardening can occur in less than 20 mins. But full cure can
take over a month.
COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT
1. Lime or calcium oxide, CaO: from limestone, chalk,
shells, shale or calcareous rock.
2. Silica, SiO2 : from sand, old bottles, clay or argillaceous
rock.
3. Alumina, Al2O3: from bauxite, recycled aluminum, clay.
4. Iron, Fe2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash
5. Gypsum, CaSO4.2h2O: found together with limestone
 Compound Formula Shortform % by weight
Tricalcium aluminate Ca₃Al₂O₆ C₃A 10
Tetracalcium Ca₄Al₂Fe₂O₁₀ C₄AF 8
aluminoferrite
Belite or decalcium Ca₂SiO₅ C₂S 20
silicate
Alite or tricalcium Ca₃SiO₄ C₃S 55
silicate
Sodium oxide Na₂O N Small amt.
Potassium oxide K₂O K Up to 2
Gypsum CaSO₄2H₂O CSH₂ 5
1. Tricalcium aluminate: It liberates a lot of heat during the
early stages of hydration, but has little strength
contribution. Gypsum slows down the hydration rate of
C₃A. Cement low in C₃A is sulfate resistant.
2. Tricalcium silicate: This compound hydrates and hardens
rapidly. It is largely responsible for portland cement’s
initial set and early strength gain.
Dicalcium silicate: C₂S hydrates and hardens slowly. It is
largerly responsible for strength gain after one week.

Ferrite: This is a fluxing agent which reduces the melting

temperature of the raw materials in the kiln (from 3,000°F
to 2,600°F). It hydrates rapidly, but does not contribute
much to strength of the cement paste.
Types of cement
Types of Cement Composition
Rapid Hardening Cement Increased Lime content
Quick Setting Cement Small percentage of
aluminum sulphate as an
accelator and reducing
percentage of gy[sum with
fine grinding
Low Heat Cement Manufactured by reducing tri-
calcium aluminate
Sulphates resisting cement It is prepared by maintaining
the percentage of tricalcium
aluminate below 6% which
increases power against
sulphates
Purpose
Attains high strength in early
days it is used in concrete
where form work are
removed at an early stage
Used in works is to be
completed in very short
period and concreting in static
and running water.
It is used in massive concrete
construction like gravity dams.
It is used in construction
exposed to severe sulphate
action by water and soil in
places like canals, linings,
culverts, retaining walls,
siphons,etc.
Types of Cement Composition Purpose
Blast furnace slag cement It is obtained by grinding It can be used for works
the clinkers with about economic considerations is
60% slag and resembles predominant.
more or less in properties
of Portland cement
High Alumina Cement It is obtained by melting It is used in works where
mixture of bauxite and concrete is subjected to
lime and grinding with the high temperature, frost
clinker it is rapid and acidic action.
hardening cement with
initial and final setting
time of about 3.5 and 5
hours respectively
White Cement It is prepared from raw It is more costly and is
materials free from iron used for pre-cast curtain
oxide wall and facing panels,etc.
Types of Cement Composition Purpose
Colored cement It is produced by mixing They are widely used for
mineral pigments with decorative works in floors.
ordinary cement

Pozzolanic Cement It is prepared by grinding It is used in marine

pozzolanic clinker with structures, sewage works
Portland cement and for laying concrete
underwater.
Uses of cement
uses

Cement is used widely for the construction of

varies structures like:
1. Cement slurry is used for filling cracks in
concrete structures.
2. Cement mortar is used for machinery work
, plastering and pointing.
3. Construction of building, bridges, water
tanks, tunnels, etc.
4. Manufacturing for lamp post.
5. Construction of pipes.
Environmental
impacT
MARKET SURVEY
MARKET SURVEY : COSTING

Cements used in construction can be

characterized as being either hydraulic or non-
hydraulic depending upon the ability of the
cement to be used in the presence of water.
MARKET SURVEY : TOP BRANDS

Jaypee Cement
ACC Cement
Ambuja Cement

Top Cement distributor company in Tumkur is Jaypee Cement

PRESENTATION ABHISHEK MD
BY
ARCHANA OJHA

ARCHANA NAYAK BRUNDA

AISHWARYA RAJ BALAJI P

ABHASH CHOUDHARY ABHISHEK GANDHI

Mining:

Limestone is blasted from quarries. It is the

major ingredient needed for making cement.
Smaller quantities of sand and clay are also
required. Limestone, sand and clay contain
calcium, silica, aluminum and iron.

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Transportation of raw materials :

Raw materials are transported through

dump trucks or through conveyor belt into
the cement plant.

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Crushing:

The raw material from the quarry

which crushes the large materials
into marble size chunks
approximately of 1.5 inches in size.

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Pre homogenization :

Proportional mix of different types of clay

and limestone from the crusher in the
blender.

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Raw material mill :

This takes place in vertical steel mill which

grinds the material through the pressure
exerted by 3 conical rollers which roll over a
turning mill table inside which the material
is pulverized by means of steel balls.

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Raw material homogenization:

This process takes place in silos equipped

for obtaining a homogeneous mix of
material

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Calcination:

It is the core position of the process. Everything

goes into a huge rotating furnace to undergo
sintering. Raw materials become sort of partially
molten. The raw materials reach about
2700°F(1480°C) inside the furnace. This causes
chemical and physical changes to the raw material
and they come out of the furnace as large glossy,
red hot clinkers. << Back
Cement milling :

Clinker is cooled and grounded into fine

grey powder. A small amount of gypsum is
added during the final grinding. Gypsum is
added to extend Cement setting time.

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Cement packaging and shipping :

The obtained cement is packed in plastic or

jute gunny bags and these cement sacks are
sent for transportation.

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