Waste Management

Dr. Muhammad Farooq Mustafa

 WASTE
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk,
litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials.

Basel Convention Definition of Wastes

“substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of
by the provisions of the law”
 TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid Waste • Chemical waste
• Liquid Waste • Construction waste
• Gaseous Wastes • Commercial Wastes
• Biodegradable waste
• Biomedical waste
 SOLID WASTE
• It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from
municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex and sometimes hazardous substances”

• Household Waste Household waste

(Municipal)
Municipal Solid Waste Construction and demolition waste
Sanitation residue
• Industrial Waste Waste from streets
(Hazardous)
• Biomedical Wastes
(Infectious)
 Household waste that we generate
• Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover
foodstuff, etc
• Paper
• Plastic bags
• Glass bottles
• Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans
• Old batteries
• Shoe polish
• Paint tins
• Medicine bottles
• Clothes etc.
 CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE
The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to:
• Over population • Technological Development

The number and growth of population and households are

the foremost factors affecting the solid waste at various
stages.

City Populations millions Waste generated

(2004) Tons/day
Karachi 10818 6632
Faisalabad 2307 902
Hyderabad 1343 756
Gujranwala 1312 615
Quetta 1153 564
 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
• Health Hazards
• If solid wastes are
not collected and allowed
to accumulate, they may
create unsanitary conditions
•Many diseases like cholera,
diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
gastro-intestinal diseases
may spread and cause loss
of human lives.
• Environmental Impacts
• If the solid wastes are not
treated properly, degradation
and decay may take place
•The organic solid waste during
decomposition may generate
obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
•Ground water pollution
•Air pollution
•Global warming
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
• The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to
reduce their effect on health, the environment
 CONTROL MEASURES
The main purpose of solid waste management is to

minimize the adverse effects on the environment

and human health. The steps involved are:

• Collection of solid wastes

• Disposal of solid wastes

• Utilization of wastes
 COLLECTION, DISPOSAL AND
UTILIZATION OF SOLID WASTE
• Collection of waste includes gathering the waste,
transporting it to a centralized location, and then
moving it to the site of disposal.
• Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is
processed to recover the usable resources and to
improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
• The solid wastes can be properly utilized to gather the
benefits such as: generate many useful products,
employment opportunities, control of air pollution etc.
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
PAKISTAN
• Solid waste collection by government owned
and operated services in Pakistan's cities
currently averages only 50 percent of waste
quantities generated; however, for cities to be
relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these
quantities should be collected.
• Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan
has a proper solid waste management system
right from collection of solid waste up to its
proper disposal.
Cont..
• In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection efficiencies
range from 0 percent in low income rural
areas to 90 percent in high- income areas of
large cities.
• Collection rate of solid waste by respective
municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the
total waste generated within their jurisdiction.
Cont…
In the country, more waste is being produced
than the number of facilities available to
manage it. Some of the major problems are:
• There is no proper waste collection system
• Waste is dumped on the streets
• Different types of waste are not collected
separately
• There are no controlled sanitary landfill sites.
Opening burning is common.
Cont…
As a result of these problems, waste is
accumulating and building up on roadsides,
canals, and other common areas and burning
trash is common, causing hazardous toxins to
be exposed thereby threatening human and
environmental health. Even within Pakistan’s
capital, Islamabad, there are no scientific landfill
to be found.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

Pakistan Environmental Protection

Ordinance 1983
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
(PEPA) 1997

Legislations Hazardous Substances Rules 2003

on SWM

. Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005

Policy and Regulation on SWM -2010

 The way forward
•SWM policies do exist, the levels at which they are
implemented and enforced lack as a result of the
governmental institutions lacking resources and
equipment.
•These institutions are primarily led by public sector
workers and politicians who are not necessarily the most
informed on waste management.
•For improvements in municipal solid waste
management, it is necessary for experts to become
involved and assist in the environmental governance.
Cont…
•Waste practices in the Pakistan need to be
improved.
•This can start with awareness to the public of
the health and environment impacts that
dumped and exposed waste causes.
•It is imperative for the greater public to
become environmentally educated, have a
change in attitude and take action.