Surface Discharge Properties

On The Acrylic Surface In The Oil

With Circular Plane-plane Electrodes

Rian Nurdiansyah, Umar Khayam

School Of Electrical Engineering And Informatic
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
Riannurdiansyahovi@gmail.Com, umkha@yahoo.com
 OUTLINE

1st BACKGROUND

2nd METHOD

3rd EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

4th RESULT AND ANALYSIS

5th CONCLUSSION
 BACKGROUND

MAIN
PROBLEM

DEFINITION

BACKGROUND
HISTORY

PURPOSE
 MAIN PROBLEMS

• MOST OF FAILURE IN POWER SYSTEM CONCENTRIC

FIELD LINES

CAUSED BY DAMAGE OF INSULATION CODUCTOS

• MAIN INITIAL SIGN OF INSULATION

CONDUCTOR
SCREEN
HV

DAMAGE IS PARTIAL DISCHARGE εr1

SURFACE
DISCHARGE
INSULATION
• PD THAT COMMONLY HAPPENS IN SCREEN
GROUND
CABLE INSULATION IS SURFACE PD
• SURFACE PD IS A PD THAT OCCURS
WHEN TWO INSULATION WITH
DIFFERENT DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
GET STRESSED BY HIGH VOLTAGE
FIELD ELECTRIC.
 SURFACE DISCHARGE

• SURFACE PD WILL OCCURS BY IONYZE THE INSULATION

WITH THE WEAKEST DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
• THEN WHEN THE SOURCE VOLTAGE RISE OR BY THE
AGING OF THE SOLID INSULATION, IT WILL IONYZE THE
SOLID INSULATION TOO THEN IN THE END WILL
CAUSING SOME TREEING AND CRACKING OR MAKE THE
INSULATION BREAKDOWN
• IN REAL LIFE THIS SURFACE PD WILL OCCURS WHEN
THE CABLE INSULATION PEELED IN THE CONJUNCTION
OF THE CABLE.
 HISTORY
TEVs occur because
the partial discharge
Toepler is investigating the creates current spikes
surface release phenomenon. in the conductor and
Introduced the concept of "stem hence also in the
Invented the Lichtenberg discharge", which preceded the earthed metal
figure from surface corona leader, to describe the surrounding the
discharge. spark of three-dimensional conductor
spark in the air.
Lichtenberg, 1777 Toepler, 1906 Dr John Reeves 1974
O’Connor,
1988
Ernst Werner von Siemens, 18571857 Semyon Kirlian, 1939 Roth (2003
Plasma actuators are a type
Invented Kirlian
Invented DBD of actuator currently being
photography, it is a
(Dielectric-barrier developed for aerodynamic
collection of
discharge). It is the flow control. The working of
photographic
electrical discharge these actuators is based on
techniques used to
between two plane the formation of a low-
capture the
electrodes separated temperature plasma
phenomenon of
by an insulating between a pair of
electrical discharges at
dielectric barrier asymmetric electrodes by
the edge of electrode
application of a high-voltage
AC signal across the
electrodes
 PURPOSE

• TO KNOWN PROPERTIES OF PD THAT

HAPPENS ON EXPERIMENTAL OBJECT
• TO KNOW THE TYPE OF PD BY ANALYZE
THE DATA AND CONCLUDE IT
• TO KNOWN HOW THE SURFACE PD
CAN OCCURS ON OBJECT
(MECHANISM)
• TO PROVE THAT SURFACE PD CAN ALSO
OCCURS IN PLANE-PLANE ELECTRODES
COMBINATION
 METHOD

OF
RESEARCH

METHOD
OF
EXPERIMENT
 Start

Characteristics of PD surface
METHOD of RESEARCH
Study literature

FLOWCHART OF RESEARCH METHOD

Designing surface PD plane-plane
electrode model

Partial discharge test based on

IEC 60270 standard

Acquiring data from test

Signal analysis

PD surface
criteria?

Conclusion

End
 METHOD of EXPERIMENT

• The test is carried out by referring to the IEC

60270 standard regarding measurements in PD
• electrical method Sensors with RC or detecting
impedance and HFCT
• Non-electric method sensor with loop antenna

RC HFCT LOOP ANTENNA

 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

DESIGN

TEST CIRCUIT
EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP

DOCUMENT
ATION
 DESIGN

 Testing design
Acrylic 80 mm
• Electrode design

Aluminium Sheet Ø30mm

Aluminium Aluminium
Rod Ø2mm Cable Ø5mm

80mm

Aluminium Rod 45mm

Acrylic

59,5mm
Insulation

40mm

Exposed Aluminium
Sheet 0,5mm
Cast resin 40mm Cast resin 40mm

Grounded High voltage

Thickness 1.5mm Immersed in liquid isolation which is mineral oil

1,5mm
 PD TEST CIRCUIT

• PD Measurement System
– PD measurements are carried out using the following circuit with reference to the IEC 60270
measurement standard

Mica/ acrylic
High Mineral oil
Limiter Insulation
voltage
Resistance

Grounded
HFCT
1,5mm
Detecting
impedance
Coupling Loop (RC)
capacitor antenna
CH. 3

CH. 1 CH. 4

CH. 2
PC
DOCUMENTATION
 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

RESULT

RESULT AND
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS AND
DISCUSSION
 RESULT

• PC CALIRATOR
RESULT • BGN ON AND
OFF

• PDIV
RESULT
• PDEV

• PD
WAVEFORM
RESULT
• PD PHASE
PATTERN
 PC CALIBRATION

charge (pC)
voltage (mV) – From the results of the PD
rc loop hfct calibration, it was obtained
100 7,6 11,6 5,2 some data from each sensor to
200 10,4 12 7,2
relate the peak voltage value of
500 27,8 14,4 24
PD to the charge value of the pC
1000 52 46 50
2000 136 72 92
calibrator
20000 440 68 124
50000 980 160 248
100000 1820 360 552
 PC CALIBRATION

– From the results of the PD 2500

y = 21.341x
y = 25.785x
calibration, then we made R² = 0.9488
R² = 0.9966
2000
some linear approach to
know the linear equation of 1500
y = 15.391x
R² = 0.9769
the calibration.
1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
 BGN ON AND OFF

• Background noise OFF and ON (BGN OFF & BGN ON)

– This measurement is done to see the amount of noise that occurs in the system when it
has not been connected with voltage source (BGN OFF) and when it just connected with
voltage source (BGN ON).
– From the result we can see that RC has highest sensitivity than the other sensor because
RC connected directly to the system.

Vpp BGN OFF Vpp BGN ON

SENSORS STD STD
(mV) (mV)
RC 14,00 0,00 18,67 1,15
HFCT 18,67 2,31 24,00 0,00
Loop 25,33 2,31 31,33 1,15
 BGN OFF BGN ON
Rangkaian
Vpp Vmax Vmin Vpp Vmax Vmin
pendeteksi (mV) (mV) (mV) (mV) (mV) (mV)

RC 14 8 -6 19 10 -9

HFCT 18 9 -9 24 13 -11

Loop 25 13 -12 31 16 -15

 PDIV

• PDIV (Partial Discharge Inception Voltage) positive and negative

– Voltage rate when positive and negative PD first appear
– Performed by raising the voltage slowly until positive and negative PD appears
– From the result we can see that RC and HFCT has same value than loop sensor.
– PD that first appear was positive PD in all sensors.

sensors PDIV + (kV) STD PDIV - (kV) STD

RC 17,10 0,87 16,15 1,04

Loop 17,10 0,87 16,15 1,04
HFCT 17,10 0,87 16,15 1,04
 PDEV

• PDEV (Partial Discharge Extinction Voltage) positive and negative

– Voltage rate when positive and negative PD disappeared
– Performed by raising the voltage slowly until positive and negative PD disappears
– PD that first disappeared was positive PD in all sensors.

sensors PDEV + (kV) STD PDEV - (kV) STD

RC 14,8 0,61101 14,67 0,46

Loop 14,8 0,61101 14,67 0,46
HFCT 14,8 0,61101 14,67 0,46
 PD WAVEFORM

• Partial discharge positive waveform VOLT. VALUE RC STD HFCT STD LOOP STD

– Waveform of positive PD considering RT (nS) 16 5 15 3 5 1

rise time, fall time and Vmax of PD 20KV FT (nS) 230 24 221 33 210 29

waveform. Vmax
(mV)
332 98 168 76 58 23

– Using 20kV, 23kV and 26kV for the RT (nS) 17 4 16 2 7 2

variation of the voltage 23KV FT (nS) 426 38 521 59 417 57

Vmax
– From the result we can see that if we (mV)
448 120 186 32 75 21

apply higher voltage source to the RT (nS) 20 7 23 3 13 2

FT (nS)
system it make the Vmax, rise time and 26KV 848 127 1125 231 988 211

Vmax
fall time of PD waveform higher too. (mV)
1.532 240 389 72 208 59
 PD WAVEFORM

• Partial discharge positive waveform

25 80 12
60 10
20
8
40
voltage (mV)

voltage (mV)
15 6
20
4

A
10 0
5 -20
2
0
20kV
0 -40 -2
-60 -4
-5
-80 -6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 125 250 375 500 625 750 875 1000 1125 1250

time (nS) time (ns) time (nS)

2,0 200
400
150
1,5 300
100

voltage (V)
voltage (V)
voltage (V)

50 200
1,0
0

0,5 -50
100
26kV
0
-100
0,0 -100
-150

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000

time (nS) time (nS) time (nS)

RC loop HFCT
 PD WAVEFORM

• Partial discharge negative waveform VOLT. VALUE RC STD HFCT STD LOOP STD

RT (nS) 17 2 9 2 25 3
– Waveform of negative PD considering
FT (nS) 120 12 110 14 90 10
rise time, fall time and Vmax of PD 20KV
Vmin
waveform. (mV)
168 21 38 11 21 6

RT (nS) 19 3 11 1 28 7
– Using 20kV, 23kV and 26kV for the
FT (nS) 275 47 180 87 102 36
variation of the voltage 23KV
Vmin
193 67 54 12 45 17
(mV)
– From the result we can see that if we
RT (nS) 52 21 24 9 29 11
apply higher voltage source to the FT (nS) 686 120 589 120 298 72
system it make the Vmax, rise time 26KV
Vmin
660 97 428 77 184 27
and fall time of PD waveform higher (mV)

too.
 PD WAVEFORM

• Partial discharge negative waveform

15
10 60

40 10
0
voltage (mV)

voltage (mV)
5

voltage (mV)
20
-10
0 0
-20
-20 -5
20kV
-30
-40 -10

-40 -60 -15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 125 250 375 500 625 750 875 1000 1125

time (nS) time (ns) time (nS)

0,5 100
200
80
0,0 100
60
-0,5 0
40
voltage (V)

voltage (V)
voltage (V)

20 -100
-1,0
0 -200
-1,5 -20
-40
-300

-400
26kV
-2,0
-60
-500
-2,5 -80
-600
-100
-3,0 -700
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000

time (nS) time (nS) time (nS)

RC loop HFCT
 PD PHASE PATTERN

– Phase Pattern of PD occurrence

in 100 cycle of voltage source
PD angle and charge RC sensor
– Showing how much the PD that
emerge, degrees of PD, and PD
PD + angle (°) PD -angle (°) PD + charge (pC) PD - charge (pC)
voltage
charge of PD that occurs.
– Using 20kV, 23kV and 26kV for begin end begin end lowest highest lowest highest

the variation of the voltage

20kV 0,72 113,76 169,20 298,80 400,17 3324,46 -2955,07 -215,47
– Charge of the PD will increase
when the voltage source 23kV 330,48 118,08 148,32 288,00 307,82 6279,53 -3632,28 -246,26
increased too.
26kV 341,28 131,04 162,00 294,48 2462,56 18469,20 -19700,48 -2462,56
 PD PHASE PATTERN

– Count of PD that detected by all sensors

– It show that the higher the voltage source it will increase count of PD that occurs either
positive PD or negative PD.

jumlah PD
PD+ RC PD- RC PD+ HFCT PD- HFCT PD+ LOOP PD-LOOP
RC sensor HFCT sensor LOOP sensor
900
PD VOLTAGE
800
700 pd + pd - pd + pd - pd + pd -
600
500
20 KV 136 114 106 108 113 128
400
300
23 KV 710 560 411 459 169 245
200
100
26 KV 811 490 566 464 336 293
0
20 KV 23 KV 26 KV
 PD PHASE PATTERN

– At 20kV voltage source, the PD that emerge occurs in random phase but the
highest charge of PD occurs at 45 degree phase angle in positive and 230
degree in negative phase.

RC 20kV HFCT 20kV LOOP 20kV

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
4000 800

600 1000
1000 1000 1000
2000 400
500
charge (pC)

200
charge (pC)

charge (pC)
0 0 0 0 0 0

-200
-500
-2000 -400
-1000 -1000 -1000
-600 -1000

-4000 -800
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree) angle (degree) angle (degree)
 PD PHASE PATTERN

– At 23kV voltage source, the PD that emerge getting focused and more likely
a PD surface in oil.
– The highest charge of PD occurs around 90 degree of phase and 270 degree.
RC 23kV HFCT 23kV LOOP 23kV
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

6000 3000
1500
2500
1000
4000 1000 1000
2000
1000
1500
2000 1000
charge (pC)

500
charge (pC)

charge (pC)
500
0 0
0 0 0 0
-500
-2000
-1000 -500

-4000 -1500
-1000 -2000 -1000
-1000 -1000
-6000 -2500
-3000 -1500
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree) 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree)
angle (degree)
 PD PHASE PATTERN

– At 26kV voltage source, the PD exceed the barrier of phase disappeared

slowly and the PD signal getting focused into the center of the phase.
– The highest charge of PD still occurs at 45 degree of phase and 235 degree.

HFCT 26kV LOOP 26kV

RC 26kV
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
20000
20000 15000 10000
15000 1000 1000
15000
10000
10000
10000 5000
charge (pC)

5000 5000

charge (pC)
charge (pC)

5000
0 0 0 0
0 0
-5000
-5000
-5000
-10000 -5000
-10000
-10000 -15000 -1000
-15000 -1000
-20000 -10000
-20000 -15000

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree)
angle (degree) angle (degree)
 Dielectric Strength
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Insulating Material
(kV/mm)

Mineral oil 10

Epoxy resin 20

Acrylic 20-200

• From the design of the test object, we can say that the first one to ionize is mineral oil
then the acrylic and the last the epoxy
• The hypothesis is proven from PDIV which occurs at around 16 kV
• As the source voltage increases, the PD that occurs at the surface of acrylic will slowly
ionize the acrylic itself because of the characteristics of the that can healing its damage
but the acrylic cant.
• It is also proved from PD waveforms at 23kV that shows the pattern of surface PD in oil.
 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

• AIR AND OIL COMPARISON

 From other experiment about surface discharge in air, we can see some differentiation between surface PD
in air and in oil which is describe on the table and on p-q-n diagram
 In air, the first PD that appears is positive PD and the last to disappear from system
 In oil, the first PD that appears is negative PD and the last to disappear from system
 It show the opposite characteristics of the PD itself

AIR OIL
PD PROPERTIES
PD + PD - PD + PD -

PDIV 2.2kV 2.7kV 17.1kV 16.1kV

PDEV 1.88kV 1.94kV 14.8kV 14.7kV

 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
• AIR AND OIL COMPARISON
PD PROPERTIES PD PHASE PATTERN
RC 4kV RC 5kV RC 8kV
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
25000
12000
10000
10000 20000
8000 1000 1000
1000 8000 15000
6000 6000
10000
4000 4000

charge (pC)

charge (pC)
charge (pC)
2000 5000
2000
0 0

AIR 0 0 0 0
-2000
-2000 -5000
-4000
-4000 -6000 -10000
-6000 -8000 -15000
-1000
-1000 -10000
-1000
-8000
-20000
-12000
-10000
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 -25000
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree)
angle (degree) angle (degree)

RC 20kV RC 23kV RC 26kV

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
4000
6000 20000 15000

1000 1000 15000

4000 10000
2000
10000
2000 5000
charge (pC)

charge (pC)

charge (pC)
5000
OIL 0 0 0 0 0 0

-5000
-2000 -5000
-10000
-2000
-4000 -10000
-1000 -1000 -15000

-6000 -20000 -15000

-4000
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
angle (degree) angle (degree) angle (degree)
 CONCLUSSION

CONCLUSSION
 CONCLUSSION
It can be concluded that the
PD that occurs in the test
object is surface discharge
due to PDIV which occurs at
16KV which indicates the
occurrence of PDIV in oil
insulation. The phase pattern
of the PD that occurs at 23 Surface Corona Bubble
kV shows that it is surface
PD at first but then it PD in in oil in oil
developed to be focused to oil
the centre of phase when the
voltage raised.
 CONCLUSSION

 Other surface discharge experiment using combination of rod-plane

electrode or needle-plane electrode. It is made the surface discharge
will stay occurs until it will initiate breakdown.
 The mechanism of surface discharge occurrence in this mineral oil
was started by some PD signal that occurs at random phase of
voltage source which indicate the PD in the oil.
 PD signals become stronger with the increased of the voltage source,
penetrate the surface of acrylic and made the PD signals increase at
the border of phase of PD.
 The voltage increased and make the PD more focused in one point
then made the acrylic damaged rapidly.