Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Urinary System
• Consists of the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethra
• Three functions:
1) excretion, the removal of organic waste products from body fluids;
2) elimination, the discharge of these waste products into the
environment; and
3) homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of
blood plasma.
Kidney Functions:
• Regulate water homeostasis, electrolyte composition, extracellular
volume, and acid–base.
• Filter plasma of the blood and produce urine.
• Responsible for reabsorption of glucose and amino acids, in
addition to regulated calcium and phosphate uptake (high in
children).
• Play a role in gluconeogenesis and during fasting can synthesize
and release glucose into the blood, producing almost 20% of the
liver’s glucose capacity.
• As endocrine organs, making kinins, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol,
erythropoietin and making and secreting renin.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
• Is a steroid hormone formed from vitamin D by successive
hydroxylations in the liver and kidneys.
• In the liver, vitamin D3 is converted to 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol (calcidiol, 25-OHD3 ).
• The 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted in the cells of
the proximal tubules of the kidneys to the more active
metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol , which is also
called calcitriol or 1,25-(OH)2D3 .
• 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is also made in the placenta,
in keratinocytes in the skin, and in macrophages.
Effects of PTH and 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol on
whole body calcium
homeostasis
Erythropoietin
• A peptide hormone that is involved in the control of
erythrocyte (red blood cell) production by the bone
marrow.
• Its major source is the kidneys, although the liver also
secretes small amounts.
• The stimulus for its secretion is a reduction in the partial
pressure of oxygen in the kidneys, for example, in anemia,
arterial hypoxia, and inadequate renal blood flow.
• Renal disease may result in diminished erythropoietin
secretion, and the ensuing decrease in bone marrow
activity is one important causal factor of the anemia of
chronic renal disease.
Renal Medullary Interstitial Cells (RMICs)