CHAPTER 5 MC CABE:

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
FLOW IN PIPES
CPMonterola CHE131
 GENERAL WORKING EQUATION
FOR FLOW IN PIPES

f – friction factor (Fanning friction factor)

Kc – contraction loss coefficient
Ke – expansion loss coefficient
Kf – pipe fittings loss coefficient( valves, elbows etc.)
 Recall: MEB
FRICTIONAL LOSSES ∆𝑷 𝜶∆𝒖𝟐
+
𝒈
+ ∆𝒛 = −𝒉𝒇 + 𝑾𝒔
𝝆 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄

 SKIN FRICTION
 If any surface is in contact with a fluid and a relative motion exists between
the surface and the fluid, the transfer of momentum results in tangential
stress or drag on the surface that is oriented parallel to the direction of
flow. This phenomenon is called skin friction.
 Skin friction is generated in unseparated boundary layers; e.g. flow in
straight pipes
 Evaluated as a function of the pipe length
 FORM FRICTION (minor losses)
 Whenever a fluid changes path to pass around a solid body set in the flow
path, the fluid accelerates and significant friction losses consequently occurs
because of acceleration and deceleration of the fluid. This phenomenon is
called drag or form friction.
 Form friction is energy dissipation that occurs when boundary layer
separates and form wakes; e.g. flow through valves, fittings, and obstruction
such as sudden contraction or enlargement of cross section.
 Evaluated in terms of loss coefficient, K, defined as the no of velocity head
lost due to fluid passing thru valves, fittings or any obstruction.
 THE FRICTION FACTOR
• Friction factor is define as the ratio of shear stress to the product of velocity
head and density.
 THE FRICTION FACTOR
IN LAMINAR FLOW

Hagen Poiseuille Equation

FRICTION FACTOR IN
TURBULENT FLOW

Perry Page 6-10

ROUGHNESS MSH
KF VALUES MSH
KF VALUES IN PERRY
VENA CONTRACTA

The cross section

of the minimum
area at which the
jet changes from a
contraction to
expansion is
known as
vena contracta.
FRICTION LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN
CONTRACTION MSH
FRICTION LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN
EXPANSION MSH
FRICTION LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN
CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION
PERRY PAGE 6-16
EXAMPLE 5.1 MSH
TRIAL AND ERROR RESULTS FOR
EXAMPLE 5.1
ROUGHNESS MSH
GEANKOPLIS’ ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION IN
PERRY 8TH EDITION PAGE 6-7
ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION
PAGE 6-7 PERRY 8TH EDITION
CHURCHILL EQUATION PAGE 6-11
PERRY 8TH ED
Q
U
I
Z
:
F
i
n
 MSH PROBLEM 5.8
Water at 60°F is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a
mountain through a 6-in Schedule 120 pipe at an average
velocity of 12 ft/s. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere at a
level 3000 ft above the level of the reservoir. The pipe line itself
is 4500 ft long. If the overall efficiency of the pump and the
motor driving it is 70% and the cost of electricity is 4 cents per
kwh. What is the hourly energy cost for pumping this water?
EXAMPLE 5.1 MSH
 Msh problem 5.8
Water at 60°F is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a
mountain through a 6-in Schedule 120 pipe at an average
velocity of 12 ft/s. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere at a
level 3000 ft above the level of the reservoir. The pipe line itself
is 4500 ft long. If the overall efficiency of the pump and the
motor driving it is 70% and the cost of electricity is 4 cents per
kwh. What is the hourly energy cost for pumping this water?
 MSH problem 5.12
A centrifugal pump takes brine from the bottom of a supply tank and
delivers it into the bottom of another tank. The brine level in the
discharge tank is 150 ft above that in the supply tank. The line between
the tanks is 600 ft of 4-in schedule 40 pipe. The flow rate is 400 gal/min.
In the line are two gate valves, four standard tees, and four ells. What is
the energy cost for running this pump for one 24-h day? The specific
gravity of brine is 1.18; the viscosity of brine is 1.2 Cp. And the energy
cost is $400 per hp.year on a basis of 300 d/year. The overall efficiency of
pump and motor is 60 percent.
 MSH problem 4.8
A pump storage facility takes water from a river at night when demand is
low and pumps it to a hilltop reservoir 500 ft above the river. The water
is returned through turbines in the daytime to help meet peak demand.

For a 30-inch pipes 2500 ft long and carrying 20,000 gal/min, (a) What
pumping power, in hp, is needed if the pump efficiency is 85%? The
friction loss is estimated to be 15 ft of water. (b) How much power can be
generated by the turbines using the same total flow rate? ( c) What is the
overall efficiency of this installation as an energy storage system?
 MSH problem 5.13
Cooling water for a chemical plant must be pumped from a river 2500 ft
from the plant site. Preliminary design calls for a flow of 600 gal/min and 6-
in steel pipe. Calculate the pressure drop and the annual pumping cost if
power cost 3 cents per kilowatt-hour.

Would the use of an 8-in pipe reduce the power cost enough to offset the
increased pipe cost? Use $15/ft of length for the installed cost of 6-in pipe
and $20/ft for 8-in. pipe. Annual charges are 20 percent of the installed cost.
MSH example 4.2
Example 4.3 MSH

∆𝑷 𝜶∆𝒖𝟐 𝒈
+ + ∆𝒛 = −𝒉𝒇 + 𝑾𝒔
𝝆 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒈𝒄
Example:
Ex. 4.1/MSH 7e
Crude oil, SG 60F/60F = 0.887, flows through the piping
shown in Figure 4.3. Pipe A is 2-in (50-mm) Schedule 40, pipe
B is 3-in (75mm) Schedule 40, and each of pipes C is 1½ -in
(38-mm) Schedule 40. An equal quantity of liquid flows through
each of the pipes C. The flow through pipe A is 30 gal/min (6.65
m3/h). Calculate (a) mass flow rate in each pipe, (b) the
average linear velocity in each pipe, and (c) the mass velocity
in each pipe.
Problem 4.3 7th ed. McCabe
 A water tank is 30 ft in diameter, and the normal depth is 25 ft. The
outlet is a 4 in horizontal pipe at the bottom. If this pipe is sheared off
close to the tank, what is the initial flowrate of water out of the tank?
Neglect the frictional loss in the pipe.
Example 4.4 Solution Mc Cabe
Problem 4.4 Mc Cabe 7th ed.
 Water at 20°C is pumped at a constant rate of 9 m3/h from a large
reservoir resting on the floor to the open top of an experimental
absorption tower. The point of discharge is 5 m above the floor, and
friction losses in the 50-mm pipe from the reservoir to the tower
amounts to 2.5 J/kg. At what height in the reservoir must the water
level be kept if the pump can deliver only 0.1 kW?
An office building requires water at two different floors. A large pipe brings the
city water supply into the building in the basement level, where a booster
pump is located. The water leaving the pump is transported by smaller
insulated pipes to the second and fourth floors, where the water is needed.
Calculate the minimum amount of work per unit time ( in horsepower) that the
pump must do in order to deliver the necessary water as indicated in the
figure below ( minimum refers to the fact that you must neglect the friction
and pump energy losses in your calculations.) The water does not change
temperature.
Water is pumped from a very large storage reservoir, as shown in the
figure at the rate of 2000 gal/min. Determine the minimum power
(i.e. that for a reversible process) required by the pump in
horsepower.
A boiler feedwater pump takes
suction from a deaerator that
operates at 15 psig. To satisfy
pump design requirements, the
pressure at the suction of the
pump must be 24 psig. It is known
that energy loss is 4 lbf.ft/lbm. The
water velocity is 8 ft/s. What is the
required height of the saturated
water surface above the pump
suction, in order to satisfy the 24
psig suction requirement?
 MSH PROBLEM 5.8

A steel pipe 2 ft in diameter carries water at about 15

ft/s. If the pipe has a roughness of 0.0003 ft, could the
capacity be increased by inserting a smooth plastic liner
that reduces the inside diameter to 1.9 ft? Calculate the
change in capacity for the same pressure drop.
 MRII REVIEWER
A pump delivers 40 gpm of water with a total head of 40 ft. The
efficiency of the pump is 65%. What is its horsepower?
a. 0.62 b. 0.70 c. 2.00 d. 5.50
 MRII REVIEWER
A fluid flowing at a rate of 25 cubic meters per hour in a 60-
mm inside diameter pipe has an average velocity in meters
/second equals to ______.
a. 5.9 b. 2.5 c. 1.5 d. 0.6
 FRICTION FACTOR IN FLOW THROUGH
CHANNELS OF NONCIRCULAR
CROSS SECTION
Hydraulic radius, rH
CIRCULAR TUBE
ANNULUS BETWEEN TWO
CONCENTRIC PIPES
 REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR
NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
 MSH PROBLEM 5.14
A fan draws air at rest and sends it through a 200-by-300-mm
rectangular duct 45 m long.

The air enters at 15°C and 750 mm Hg absolute pressure at a

rate of 0.6m3/s. What is the theoretical power required?
 SEAT WORK

A rectangular duct 4m X 1.5 m in cross-section carries conditioned air. Its

equivalent diameter is
a. 1.50 m
b. 1.09 m
c. 2.76 m
d. 7.15 ft