Atoms

Molecules
Ions
 Atoms
 Atomos – indivisible or
uncuttable
 Democritus - 4 BCE
th

 John Dalton – Atomic Theory

 ATOMIC THEORY
1. All matter is made up of atom.
2. An element is made up of one kind of
atom.
3. A compound is made up of a combination
of different kinds of atoms following a
specific ratio.
4.An atom cannot be created nor destroyed.
 #3. A compound is made up of a combination of different kinds of
atoms following a specific ratio.

LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION

Elements combine in fixed ratios of
simple whole number to form a
compound
H2O
Group Question #1

Another name for Law

of Definite Proportion
 Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
 law states that if a compound is broken
down into its constituent elements, the
masses of the constituents will always
have the same proportions, regardless of
the quantity or source of the original
substance.
 Proust Law
 #3. A compound is made up of a combination of different kinds of
atoms following a specific ratio.

LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

Atoms can combine in different
ratios leading to the formations
of different compounds.
e.g. CO & CO2
 #4. An atom cannot be created nor destroyed

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

No atoms will be destroyed or
automatically created. They just undergo
formation of new substance but the # of
atoms are still intact
 #4. An atom cannot be created nor destroyed

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Group Question #2

The scientist that

formulates the
Plum-Pudding Model
 Sir Joseph John Thomson (JJ Thomson)
 Discovered the negatively charged particle
 Plum-Pudding Model
 Atom as a jelly like positive matter with
negatively charge particle embedded in
it like pudding with plums
Group Question #3

What is the mass

of an electron?
ELECTRON
 9.11 X10 -28 gor 9.109410 X10 -28 g

 Negatively charged particle

 JJ Thomson
 cathode ray tube experiment
 Negative pole repelled the ray
produced at the negative electrode
PROTON
 1.6726 X10 -24 g

 Positively charged particle

 Ernest Rutherford
 Concluded that the atom is mostly
empty space with a small solid positively
charged nucleus.
Group Question #4

Discovered the neutron

using the beryllium foil
experiment
NEUTRON
 1.6749 X10 -24 g

 Electrically neutral subatomic

 James Chadwick
 Observed that there was less deflection of
particles, implying the existence of neutral
particles in the nucleus together with the
protons
 Mass of the protons and neutrons = atomic mass
Group Question #5

Introduced the word

“ION” in 1834.
 MICHAEL FARADAY
 English Chemist and Physicist
 describe the chemical species that travels
from one electrode to another in aqueous
solution
 “ION”
 To go
 ION
 Charged atom when the number of
proton and electron are not equal
 Can also be a charged molecule
 Cation or Anion
ION
 Cation
 Proton > Electrons
 Positive charge
 Loses an Electron
 Anion
 Proton < Electrons
 Negative charge
 Gains an Electron
 Isotopes
 Atoms with same number of
proton but different number of
neutrons
 Stable Isotopes
 Isotopes that do not undergo
radioactivity and do not
disintegrate
 Abundant in nature
 Unstable Isotopes
 Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity
EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES
ISOTOPE
ISOTOPE NAME APPLICATION
SYMBOL
32
P phosphorus - 32 blood volume determination
measuring of thyroid activity
131
I iodine-131 and treatment of thyroid
disorder
152
Gd gadolinium-153 measuring of bone density
226 radiotherapy for cancer
Ra radium-226
treatment
11
C carbon-11 positron emission tomography
QUESTION #6

It is a collection of 2 or more atoms

held in a specific arrangement due
to sharing of electrons and acts as a
single unit.
 MOLECULE
It is a collection of 2 or more atoms
held in a specific arrangement due
to sharing of electrons and acts as a
single unit.
 MOLECULE
• DIATOMIC MOLECULE
• Aggregate of 2 or more atoms
• Simple sugar ( glucose)
DIATOMIC MOLECULE
 MOLECULE
H2O (water)
N2 (nitrogen)
O3 (ozone)
CaO (calcium oxide) – use for bleaching
C6H12O6 (glucose, a type of sugar)
NaCl (table salt)
 MOLECULE
H2O (water)
N2 (nitrogen)
O3 (ozone)
CaO (calcium oxide) – use for bleaching
C6H12O6 (glucose, a type of sugar)
NaCl (table salt)
 MOLECULE
Different models used in representing
molecules:
1. Molecular formula
2. Structural formula
3. Ball and Stick Model
4. Space-Filling Model
Group Question #7

WHAT IS THE COMMON

NAME OF THIS COMPOUND?

C6H12O6
Group Question #7

C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
Type of sugar you get from foods you eat,
and your body uses it for energy
QUESTION #8
It is a chemical formula that
denotes the exact number of atoms
present in the molecule.
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
It is a chemical formula that
denotes the exact number of
atoms present in the
molecule.
GLUCOSE – C6H12O6
QUESTION # 9
It is a chemical formula that
denotes the atoms in their
simplest whole number ratio
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA
It is a chemical formula that
denotes the atoms in their simplest
whole number ratio
QUESTION # 10

Write the empirical

formula of glucose
QUESTION # 10

CH2O
GLUCOSE
Empirical Formula
 STRUCTURAL FORMULA
SHOWS THE ORDER IN WHICH THE
ATOMS IN THE MOLECULE ARE BONDED
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
 BALL AND STICK MODEL
A type of perspective drawing
that shows the 3-dimensional
orientation of molecules
 SPACE-FILLING MODEL
Like ball and stick model but the
spheres that represent atoms are
fused together and the size of the
sphere represents the size of the
actual atom.
NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
ATOMIC NUMBER
 represented by the letter Z
 is the number of protons in the nucleus of
each atom of that element
 In electrically neutral atom, the atomic
number is equal to the number of
electrons in the same atom
ATOMIC NUMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER
MASS NUMBER

 represented by the letter A

 Defined as the total number of protons
and neutrons in an atom
Mass Number = ?
Atomic Number= ?
# of protons = ?
# of electron = ?
# of Neutrons = ?
Mass Number = 7
Atomic Number = 3
# of protons = 3
# of electron = 3
# of Neutrons = 4
Mass Number = ?
Atomic Number= ?
# of protons = ?
# of electron = ?
# of Neutrons = ?
Mass Number = 103
Atomic Number= 45
# of protons = 45
# of electron = 45
# of Neutrons = 58
Cation
Mass Number = 23 Mass Number = 23
Atomic Number= 11 Atomic Number= 11
# of protons = 11 # of protons = 12
# of electron = 11 # of electron = 11
# of Neutrons = 12 # of Neutrons = 12
Anion
Mass Number = 35 Mass Number = 35
Atomic Number= 17 Atomic Number= 17
# of protons = 17 # of protons = 17
# of electron = 17 # of electron = 18
# of Neutrons = 18 # of Neutrons = 18