MODALS- PART 1

Exercise 1. Warm-up.
Page 157
Correct the errors in verb forms.
1. She can saw it.
2. She can to see it.
3. She cans see it.
4. She can sees it.
5. Can pass you the rice, please?
6. Do you can see it?
7.They don’t can go there.
8. They aren’t able pay their rent.
Answers- Exercise 1, p.
.157
1.-4. She can see it.
5. Can you pass the rice, please?
6. Can you see it?
7. They can’t go there.
8. They aren’t able to pay their
rent.
 Basic Modal
Introduction
Modal auxiliaries generally express
speakers’ attitudes. For example,
modals can express that a speaker
feels something is necessary,
advisable, permissible, possible, or
probable; and, in addition, they can
convey the strength of those
attitudes. Each modal has more
than one meaning or use.
Modal auxiliaries in English

can had might ought

better to
should would could may
must shall will
Modal Auxiliaries
can do it.
I could do it.
You had better do
He it.
She + may do it.
It might do it.
We must do it
You ought to do
The it.
y shall do it.
should do it.
will do it.
 Phrasal Modals
Phrasal modals are
common expressions
whose meanings are
be able to do it similar to those of
be going to do some of the modal
auxiliaries. For
it
example: be able to
be supposed to
is similar to can; be
do it
going to is similar to
have to do it will.
have got to do An infinitive (to + the
it simple form of a verb)
 Exercise 2. Warm-up. p.158

Complete the requests with I or you . Which

sentences have essentially the same
meaning?
1. Could _____see that book? Thanks.
2. Could _____hand me that book? Thanks.
3. May _____see that book? Thanks.
4. Can _____hand me that book? Thanks.
5. Can _____see that book? Thanks.
6. Would _____ hand me that book? Thanks.
7. Will ____please hand me that book?
Thanks.
Answers/Exercise 2. Warm-up.
p.158
1. Could I see that book? Thanks.
2. Could you hand me that book?
Thanks.
3. May I see that book? Thanks.
4. Can you hand me that book? Thanks.
5. Can I see that book? Thanks.
6. Would you hand me that book?
Thanks.
7. Will you please hand me that book?
Thanks.
Polite Requests with “I” as the
Subject
May I borrow your pen (please)?
Could I (please) borrow your pen?
May I and could I are used to request
permission. They are equally polite, but may I
sounds more formal.
Might is also possible: Might I borrow your pen?
Might I is quite formal and polite; it is used
much less frequently than may I or could I.
NOTE : In a polite request, could has a present
or future meaning, not a past meaning.
TYPICAL RESPONSES
Certainly. Yes, certainly.
Of course. Yes, of course.
informal : Sure.
Often the response to a polite
request is an action, such as a
nod or shake of the head, or a
simple “uh-huh,” meaning “yes.”
Polite Requests with “You” as the
Subject
Would you pass the salt (please)?
Will you (please) pass the salt?
The meaning of would you and will
you in a polite request is the same.
Would you is more common and is
often considered more polite. The
degree of politeness, however, is
often determined by the
speaker's tone of voice.
Could you pass the salt (please)?
Basically, could you and would you have
the same meaning. The difference is
slight.
Would you = Do you want to do this
please?
Could you = Do you want to do this
please, and is it possible for you to do
this?
Could you and would you are equally
polite.
Exercise 4. Warm-
up/p.160
In each dialogue, choose the
speaker (A or B) who is going to
turn down the heat.
1. A: Would you mind turning down
the heat?
B: No, not at all.
2. A: Would you mind if I turned
down the heat?
B: No, not at all.
(Answers 1. B / 2. A)
 Polite Requests with Would
You Mind
Asking Permission
Would you mind if 1 closed the
window?
Would you mind I f 1 used the phone?
Typical Responses
No, not at all.
No, of course not.
No, that would be fine.
Notice: Would you mind if 1 is
followed by the simple past.
 Sometimes, in informal
spoken English, the simple
present is used: Would you
mind if I close the window?
Note : The simple past does not
refer to past time after would
you mind ; it refers to present
or future time.
The meaning in : May 1 close the
window? Is it all right if 1 close the
window? Will it cause you any
trouble or discomfort if 1 close the
window?
Notice that the typical response is
“no.” “Yes” means Yes, 1 mind. In
other words: It is a problem for me.
Another typical response might be
“unh-uh,” meaning “no.”
 Asking Someone to Do
Something
Would you mind closing the window?
Excuse me. Would you mind repeating that?
Typical Responses
No. I’d be happy to. / Not at all. I’d be glad to.
informal : No problem. / Sure. / Okay.
Notice in: Would you mind is followed by the
-ing form of a verb (a gerund).
The meaning : 1 don’t want to cause you any
trouble, but would you please close the
window? Would that cause you any
inconvenience?
The informal responses “Sure” and
“Okay” are common but not logical.
The speaker means No, 1 wouldn't
mind but seems to be saying the
opposite: Yes, 1 would mind.
Native speakers understand that the
response “Sure” or “Okay” in this
situation means that the speaker
agrees to the request.
 Exercise 5, p.160
Make sentences using Would you
mind .
2. a. I want you to speak with John,
b. I want to speak with John.
3. a. I want to turn on the air
conditioner.
b. I want you to turn on the air
conditioner.
 Answers- Exercise 5, p.
.160
2. a. Would you mind speaking with John?
b. Would you mind if I spoke with John?
3. a. Would you mind if I turned on the air
conditioner?
b. Would you mind turning on the air
conditioner?
 Exercise 6, p.161
Complete the sentences with the verbs in
parentheses. Use if I + the past tense or the -in
g form o f the verb. In some of the sentences,
either response is possible, but the meaning is
different.
2. A: Are you coming with us?
B: I know I promised to go with you, but I’m not
feeling very good. Would you mind (stay) ________
home?
A: Of course not.
3. A: It’s getting hot in here. Would you mind (open)
________ the window?
B: No.
4. A: This is probably none of my business, but would
you mind (ask) _____ you a personal question?
B: It depends.
Cont…Exercise 6, p.161
5. A: Would you mind (smoke) ________?
B: I ’d really rather you didn’t.
6. A: Excuse me. Would you mind
(speak) _____ a little more slowly? I
didn’t catch
B: Oh, of course. I’m sorry.
7. A: I don’t like this TV program. Would
you mind (change) _______ the
channel?
B: Unh-uh.
Answers
Exercise 6, p. 161.
2. if I stayed
3. if I opened / opening
4. if I asked
5. if I smoked
6. speaking
7. if I changed / changing
 Exercise 9, p.162
Complete the polite requests with your own words.
Try to imagine what the speaker might say in the
given situation.
2. Waiter : Good evening. Are you ready to order?
Customer : No, we’re not. Could _________________?
Waiter : Certainly. I’ll be back shortly.
3. Sally : Are you driving to the meeting tonight?
Sam : Uh-huh, I am.
Sally : Could _______________________________?
Sam: Sure. I’ll pick you up at 7:00.
4. Mr. Penn : Something’s come up, and I can’t
meet with you Tuesday. Would you
mind_______________________?
Ms. Gray: Let me check my calendar.
 Cont…Exercise 9, p.162
5. Mechanic : What seems to be the trouble with
your car?
Customer : Something ’s wrong with the brakes, I
think. Could ____________________________?
Mechanic : Sure. Just pull the car into the garage.
6. Shelley : Are you enjoying the movie?
Mike : Yeah, you?
Shelley : Yes, but I can’t see over the man in
front of me. Would you mind ___________ ?
Mike : Not at all. I see two empty seats a cross
the aisle.
 Anwers
Exercise 9, p. 162.
Sample answers:
2. you give us a little more time
3. I get a ride
4. rescheduling / if I reschedule / if we
reschedule
5. you take a look
 Exercise 12. Warm-up,
p163
Read the statements. Choose the more typical context (a. or
b.) for the words in blue. Discuss their meanings.
1. Gosh! Look at the time. I’ve got to go. I have
class in five minutes!
a. everyday conversation b. formal
writing
2. All applicants must be 18 years of age and must
have a valid driver’s license.
a. everyday conversation b. formal writing
3. We have to prepare a research paper on global
warming in Dr. Chen’s seminar this term. I think
it’ll be interesting.
a. everyday conversation b. formal writing
(Answers 1. a 2. b 3. a )
Expressing Necessity: Must, Have To,
Have Got To

Must, Have To
All applicants must take an entrance
exam.
All applicants have to take an
entrance exam.
Must and have to both express
necessity. The meaning is the same :
It is necessary for every applicant to
take an entrance exam. There is no
other choice. The exam is required.
 - I’m looking for Sue. 1 have to talk to her about
our lunch date tomorrow. 1 can't meet her for
lunch because 1 have to go to a business
meeting at 1:00.
(Means: 1 need to do this, and 1 need to do
that).
-Where’s Sue? I must talk to her right away.
I have an urgent message for her.
(The meaning is stronger : This is very
important!).
In everyday statements of necessity,
have to is used more commonly
than must.
Must is usually stronger than have to
and can indicate urgency or stress
importance.
Must is a strong word, (meaning
necessity) is relatively rare in
conversation. It is usually found in
legal or academic writing.
I have to (“hafta”) be home by
eight.
He has to (“hasta”) go to a
meeting tonight.
NOTE : Native speakers often say
“hafta” and “hasta“.
Have Got To
I have got to go now. I have a class in ten
minutes.
I have to go now. I have a class in ten
minutes.
Have got to also expresses the idea of
necessity:
The two sentences have the same meaning.
Have got to is informal and is used
primarily in spoken English. Have to is
used in both formal and informal English.
I have got to go (“I’ve gotta
go / 1 gotta go”) now.
The usual pronunciation of
got to is "gotta.”
Sometimes have is dropped
in speech: “1 gotta do it.”
Past Necessity
PRESENT OR FUTURE
I have to / have got to / must study
tonight.
PAST
I had to study last night.
Had to expresses past necessity.
had to = needed to: 1 needed to study
last night.
There is no other past form for must
(when it means necessity) or have got
to.
Exercise 14. Warm-up,
p. 165
Choose the sentences that Speaker B might say in response
to Speaker A.

Speaker A: The meeting starts in an

hour. Was We have plenty of
time.
Speaker B: 1. We must not hurry.
2. We don’t have to hurry.
3. We don’t need to hurry.

(answers 2&3)
 Lack of Necessity and
Prohibition: Have To and Must
in the Negative
Lack of Necessity
Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to go to
class.
(Means : We don’t need to go to class tomorrow
because it is a holiday.)
1 can hear you. You don’t have to shout.
When used in the negative, must and have
to have different meanings.
Negative form: do not have to = lack of
necessity.
Lack of necessity may also be
expressed by need not + the
simple form of a verb:
You needn’t shout.
The use of needn't as an
auxiliary is chiefly British except
in certain common expressions
such as:
You needn’t worry.
Prohibition
You must not tell anyone my secret.
Do you promise?
must not = prohibition (DO NOT DO THIS !)
Means: Do not tell anyone my secret. 1
forbid it . Tell Telling anyone my
secret is prohibited.
Negative contraction: mustn’t. (The first
“t” is silent.)
Don’t tell anyone my secret.
You can’t tell anyone my secret.
You’d better not tell anyone my
secret.
Because must not is so strong,
speakers also express prohibition
with imperatives, or with other
modals.
 Exercise 15, p. 165
Complete the sentences with must not or
do /does not
have to.
2. In order to be a good salesclerk, you___ be
rude to customers.
3. You ___ introduce me to Dr. Gray. We’ve
already met.
4. A person ___ become rich and famous in
order to live a successful life.
5. If you encounter a growling dog, you ___
show any signs of fear. If a dog senses fear,
it is more likely to attack a person.
Cont…Exercise 15, p.165
6. I ___ go to the doctor. I’m feeling
much better.

7. We ___ go to the concert if you

don’t want to, but it might be good.

8. A person ___ get married in order

to lead a happy and fulfilling life.
 Answers…exercise 15, p. 165.
2. In order to be a good salesclerk, you must not be rude to
customers.
3. You don’t have to introduce me to Dr. Gray. We’ve already
met.
4. A person doesn’t have to become rich and famous in order
to live a successful life.
5. If you encounter a growling dog, you must not show any
signs of fear. If a dog senses fear, it is more likely to attack a
person.
6. I don’t have to go to the doctor. I’m feeling much better.
7. We don’t have to go to the concert if you don’t want to, but
it might be good.
8. A person doesn’t have to get married in order to lead a
happy and fulfilling life.
 Exercise 18, p. 166
Read the situation. What advice would you
give Amir?
Situation : Amir has a bad toothache.
1. He should see a dentist immediately.
2. He should wait and see if the pain goes
away.
3. He should call an ambulance.
4. He should put an ice-pack on his cheek.
5. He should take some pain medicine.
6. He should get his cousin to pull the tooth
right away.
 Answers
Exercise 18, p. 166.
Advice possibilities: 1, 2, 4,
[Note: Item 6 is not advisable unless his
cousin is a dentist.]
 Advisability: Should, Ought To,
Had Better
You should study harder.
You ought to study harder.
(Means: This is a good idea. This is my advice.)
Drivers should obey the speed limit.
Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.
(Means: This is an important responsibility.)
Should and ought to both express advisability.
Their meaning ranges in strength from a
suggestion (This is a good idea) to a
statement about responsibility or duty (This
is a very important thing to do).
You shouldn’t leave your keys in the car.
Negative contraction: shouldn’t
NOTE : the / t / is often hard to hear in
relaxed, spoken English.
1 ought to (“otta") study tonight, but 1
think I’ll watch TV instead.
Native speakers often pronounce ought to
as “otta” in informal speech.
Ought to is not commonly used in the
negative. If it is, the to is sometimes
dropped: You oughtn't (to) leave your
keys in the car.
 The gas tank is almost empty.
We had better stop at the next gas station.
(Means: If we don’t stop at a service station,
there will be a bad result. We will run out of
gas.)
You had better take care of that cut on your
hand soon, or it will get infected.
In meaning, had better is close to should
and ought to, but had better is usually
stronger. Often had better implies a warning
or a threat of possible bad consequences.
Notes on the use of had better:
• It has a present or future
meaning.
• It is followed by the simple form
of a verb.
• It is more common in speaking
than writing.
You’d better take care of it.
(contraction)
You better take care of it.
(Sometimes in speaking, had is
dropped.)
You’d better not be late.
Negative form: had better + not
 Exercise 19, p. 167
Complete the dialogues with your own words. Use should , ought to, or h a d better to give advice.

1. A: The shoes I bought last week don’t fit.

B: You _______________________________
2. A: Have you gotten your airplane ticket?
B: No, not yet.
A: Flights fill up fast near the holidays. You _______________
3. A: Yikes! My class starts in five minutes. I wasn’t watching the
time.
B: You ____________________________________
4. A: I have the hiccups.
B: You __________________________________
5. A: I bought these organic apples, and all of them are rotten inside.
B: You ________________________________________
 Exercise 22, p. 168
Which sentence in each pair is stronger? Discuss
situations in which a speaker might say these
sentences.
1. a. You should go to a doctor.
b. You’d better go to a doctor.
2. a. Mary should go to work today.
b. Mary must go to work today.
3. a. We’ve got to go to class.
b. We ought to go to class.
4. a. I have to go to the post office.
b. I should go to the post office.
5. a. We shouldn’t go into that room.
b. We must not go into that room.
6. a. You’d better not go there alone.
b. You shouldn’t go there alone.
(Answers: 1.b 2.b 3.a 4.a 5.b 6.a)
 Exercise 23, p. 169
Complete the sentences with should or must/have to. In
some sentences either one is possible, but the meaning is
different. Discuss the difference in meanings.
3. If you want to become a doctor, you _____ go to medical
school for
many years.
4. I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I _____ walk
home.
5. Walking is good exercise. You say you want to get more
exercise. You
_____ walk to and from work instead of taking the bus.
6. We _____ go to Colorado for our vacation.
7. According to my advisor, I _____ take another English course.
8. Rice _____ have water in order to grow.
9. This pie is very good. You _____ try a piece.
10. This pie is excellent! You _____ try a piece.
 Answers
Exercise 23, p. 169.
3. must/have to
4. have to/must (have to is preferred because the
situation is not urgent or formal)
5. should
6. should (also possible: have to/must)
7. should o r must/have to (if it’s a requirement of
the
school)
8. must/has to
9. should
10. must
(Sometimes in speaking, must has the meaning of a very enthusiastic
should) .
Exercise 25, p. 170
Refer to your book, do the
exercise.
 The Past Form of Should
1 had a test this morning. 1 didn't do well on the test
because 1 didn’t study for it last night. 1 should have
studied last night.
(1 should have studied, means = Studying was a
good idea, but 1 didn’t do it. 1 made a mistake).
You were supposed to be here at 10:00 p.m., but you
didn’t come until midnight. We were worried about
you.
You should have called us. (You did not call.)
Past form: should have + past participle
The past form of ought to is
ought to have + past participle ( I
ought to have studied.). It has the
same meaning as the past form of
should . In the past, should is used
more commonly than ought to. Had
better is used only rarely in a past
form (e.g., He had better have taken
care of it.) and usually only in
speaking, not writing.
 My back hurts. I should not have
carried that heavy box up two flights
of stairs. (I carried the box, and now
I’m sorry.)
(Means: I carried something, but it
turned out to be a bad idea. 1 made
a mistake.)
We went to a movie, but it was a
waste of time and money. We should
not have gone to the movie.
 Exercise 27, p. 171
Speaker A presents the given situation. Speaker B comments on it using should/shouldn’t
have + past participle. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
1. Tim made a mistake yesterday. He left the door to his house
open, and a bird flew in. He had a terrible time catching the
bird.
2. There was an important meeting yesterday afternoon, but
you decided not to go. That was a mistake. Now your boss is
angry.
3. Emily didn’t feel good a couple of days ago. I told her to see
a doctor, but she didn’t. That was a mistake. Now she is very
sick.
4. Nick signed a contract to buy some furniture without reading
it thoroughly. Now he has discovered that he is paying a
higher interest rate than he expected. He made a mistake.
:Sample answers
Exercise 27, p. 171
1. He shouldn’t have left the door
(to his house) open.
2. You should have gone (to the
meeting).
3. She should have seen a doctor.
4. He should have read the
contract (more) thoroughly.
 Exercise 28, p. 171
Work with a partner. Partner A presents the situation. Partner B comments on
it using should/shouldn't have + past participle.

1. You are cold because you didn’t wear a coat.

2. Your friend is upset because you didn’t return
his call.
3. The room is full of flies because you opened
the window.
4. You don’t have any food for dinner because
you didn’t go to the grocery store.
5. You bought a friend a box of candy for her
birthday, but she doesn’t like candy.
 Cont…Exercise 28, p. 171
Change roles.
6. John loved Marta, but he didn’t marry her. Now
he is unhappy.
7. John loved Marta, and he married her. But now
he is unhappy.
8. The weather was beautiful yesterday, but you
stayed inside all day.
9. You lent your car to your friend, but she had an
accident because she was driving on the wrong
side of the road.
10. You overslept this morning because you didn’t
set your alarm clock.
Possible answers:
Exercise 28, p. 171.
1. I should have worn a coat.
2. I should have returned his call.
3. I shouldn’t have opened the window.
4. I should have gone to the grocery store.
5. I shouldn’t have bought her candy.
6. He should have married her.
7. He shouldn’t have married her.
8. I should have gone out.
9. I shouldn’t have lent her my car.
10. I should have set my alarm clock.
 Exercise 29, p. 172
Discuss or write what you think the people in the given situations
should have done or shouldn’t have done.
1. Kazu and his wife, Julie, had good jobs as professionals in New
York City. Kazu was offered a high-paying job in Chicago, which
he immediately accepted. Julie was shocked when he came home
that evening and told her the news. She liked her job and the
people she worked with. She didn’t want to move away and look
for another job.
2. For three years, Donna had been saving her money for a trip to
Europe. Her brother, Hugo, had a good job, but he spent all of his
money on expensive cars, clothes, and entertainment. Suddenly,
Hugo was fired from work and had no money to support himself
while he looked for another job. Donna lent him nearly all of her
savings, and within three weeks he spent it all on his car, more
clothes, and expensive restaurants.
 :Sample answers
Exercise 29, p. 172.
1. Kazu should have talked with Julie first.
He shouldn’t have accepted the job immediately.
He should have thought about the offer before
accepting. He should have known Julie would be
upset.
2. Donna shouldn’t have lent Hugo nearly all of
her
savings. Hugo shouldn’t have spent her money
so carelessly. Donna shouldn’t have trusted
Hugo.
 Obligation: Be Supposed
To
The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.
The committee is supposed to vote by secret
ballot.
Be supposed to expresses the idea that
someone (/, we, they, the teacher, lots of
people, my father, etc.) expects something
to happen.
Be supposed to often expresses
expectations about
scheduled events, or correct procedures.
I am supposed to go to the meeting. My boss told
me that he wants me to attend.
The children are supposed to put away their toys
before they go to bed.
Be supposed to also expresses expectations about
behavior.
The meaning is the same in the two sentences:
Someone else expects (requests or requires)
certain behavior.
Jack was supposed to call me last
night. I wonder why he didn’t.
Be supposed to in the past
(was/were supposed to)
expresses unfulfilled
expectations.
The meaning: 1 expected Jack to
call, but he didn’t.
 Exercise 31, p. 173
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Use be supposed
to. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
1. What are you supposed to do if you’re involved in a
traffic accident?
2. What are you supposed to do prior to takeoff in an
airplane?
3. What are some things athletes in training are
supposed to do, and some things they’re not
supposed to do?
4. If you’re driving and an ambulance with flashing
lights and blaring sirens comes up behind you, what
are you supposed to do?
 Cont…Exercise 31, p.173
5. Can you think of something you were
supposed to do yesterday (or sometime in the
past) but didn’t do?
6. What are we supposed to be doing right now?
7. Tell me about any job you’ve had. What were
you supposed to do on a typical day?
8. In the place you live or work, who is
supposed to do what? In other words, what
are the duties or responsibilities of the people
who live or work with you?
 Sample answers
Exercise 31, p. 173.
1. You’re supposed to contact the police / fill
out an
accident report / call your insurance company.
2. You’re supposed to put on your seat belt.
3. They are supposed to exercise.
They are not supposed to eat unhealthy foods.
4. You’re supposed to pull over (onto the
shoulder).
5.-8. (Answers will vary
 Exercise 32, p. 174
Which sentence in each pair is stronger?
1. a. You had better wear a seat belt.
b. You ought to wear a seat belt.
2. a. You must wear a seat belt.
b. You had better wear a seat belt.
3. a. You have to wear a seat belt.
b. You are supposed to wear a seat belt.
4. a. We are supposed to bring pens.
b. We have to bring pens.
5. a. We ought to bring pens.
b. We have got to bring pens.
6. a. We had better bring pens.
b. We should bring pens.
(Answers: 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.b 5.b 6.a)
 Exercise 35, p. 175, warm
up
Circle yes if the speaker is expressing an intention or plan; circle no if not. In which of
these
sentences do you know for sure that the speaker did not complete the plan?
1. I am going to call you at 9:00 tomorrow.( yes / no )
2. I was going to call you, but I couldn’t find your phone number.
( yes / no )
3. I was going to class when I ran into a friend from childhood.
( yes / no )
4. I was planning to go to college right after high school but then
decided to work for a year first. ( yes / no )
5. I was working at my computer when the electricity went off.
( yes / no )
6. I had planned to talk to my manager today about a raise, but
she was out sick. ( yes / no )
Answers
Exercise 35, p. 175.
1. yes
2. yes (plan not completed)
3. no
4. yes (plan not completed)
5. no
6. yes (plan not completed)
 Unfulfilled Intentions: Was/Were
Going To
1’m going to go to the concert tomorrow.
I'm really looking forward to it.
Am/is /are going to is used to talk about intentions
for future activities.
Jihad was going to go to the movie last night, but
he changed his mind.
Was !were going to talks about past intentions.
Usually, these are unfulfilled intentions, i.e.,
activities someone intended to do but did not do.
The meaning : Jihad was planning to go to the
concert, but he didn’t go.
1 was planning to go, but 1 didn't.
1 was hoping to go, but 1 couldn’t.
1 was intending to go, but 1 didn’t.
1 was thinking about going, but 1 didn’t.
1 had hoped to go, but 1 couldn’t.
1 had intended to go, but 1 didn’t.
1 had thought about going, but 1 didn’t.
1 had planned to go, but 1 changed my mind.
Other ways of expressing unfulfilled intentions are to use
plan, hope, intend, and think a bout in the past
progressive, or in the past perfect.
 Exercise 36, p.176
Restate each sentence in two other ways.
1. I was going to stay home on my day
off, but I had too much work at the
office.
2. I was going to surprise you with
jewelry for your birthday, but I wasn’t
sure what you’d like.
3. I was going to reply to your email right
away, but I got distracted by my
children.
Answers
Exercise 36, p. 176.
1. I had planned to stay home . . . .
I was intending to stay home . . . .
2. I had planned to surprise you . . .
.
I was intending to surprise you
3. I had planned to reply . . . .
I was intending to reply . . .
 Exercise 37, p. 176
Take turns completing the sentences. Work in pairs or
small groups. Share some of your answers with the
class.
1. I was going to get up early this morning, but . . . .
2. I had intended to meet you at the restaurant, but . . . .
3. I was planning to visit you this weekend, but . . . .
4. I had hoped to see you one more time before you left,
but . . . .
5. We had thought about inviting the Smiths to our party,
but . . . .
6. I was going to call you on your birthday, but . . . .
7. We were hoping to see that movie in a theater, but . . . .
 :Sample answers

Exercise 37, p. 176.

1. I overslept
2. I got lost
3. I had to work
4. I couldn’t get time off
5. we decided they wouldn’t know
anyone
6. I had the wrong date
7. we missed it
 Exercise 38. Warm-up.

Imagine that next Tuesday you have a holiday.

You and your roommate are making plans. Read
the list of activities. Which ones sound good to
you?
Activities:
1. Let’s go to a movie.
2. Why don’t we study grammar all day?
3. Let’s go shopping.
4. Why don’t we fly to Paris for lunch?
5. Let’s play video games.
6. Why don’t we clean and do the laundry?
 Making Suggestions: Let's , Why Don’t,
Shall 1/ We
Let’s go to a movie.
let’s = let us
Let’s is followed by the simple form of a
verb.
Let’s not go to a movie.
Let’s stay home instead.
Negative form: let’s + not + simple verb
Let’s means 1 have a suggestion for us.
Why don't we go to a movie?
(Means: Let's go to a movie.)
Why don't you come around seven?
(Means:1 suggest that you come around seven.)
Why don’t 1 give Mary a call?
(Means: Should 1 give Mary a call? Do you agree
with my suggestion?)
Why don’t is used primarily in spoken English to
make a
friendly suggestion.
Shall 1 open the window? Is that okay with you?
Shall we leave at two? Is that okay?
When shall is used with I or we in a question, the
speaker is usually making a suggestion and asking
another person if she/he agrees with this suggestion.
The use of shall + I/we is relatively formal and infrequent in
American English.
Let's go, shall we?
Let’s go, okay?
Sometimes shall we? is used as a tag question after
let’s.
More informally, okay? is used as a tag question.
 Exercise 39. In your own words.
P. 177
Complete the conversations with your own words.
2. A: I don’t feel like staying home today.
B: Neither do I. Why don’t _____
A: Hey, that’s a great idea! What time shall _____
B: Let’s leave in an hour.
3. A: Shall ____or ______first?
B: Let’s ____ first; then we can take our time over dinner.
A: Why don’t ______
B: Good idea.
4. A: Let’s _____over the weekend.
The fresh air would do us both good.
B: I agree. Why don’t ____
A: No. Sleeping in a tent is too uncomfortable. Let’s ___
It won’t be that expensive, and we’ll have hot water and all the comforts of
home.
Exercise 40, Warm up
(page 178)
Refer to your book, do the
exercise.
 Making Suggestions: Could vs.
Should
— What should we do tomorrow?
Why don't we go on a picnic?
We could go on a picnic.
The meanings are similar: The speaker is suggesting a
picnic.
Could can be used to make suggestions.
— I'm having trouble in math class.
You should talk to your teacher.
(Means: I believe it is important for you to do this. This is what 1
recommend.)
Maybe you should talk to your teacher.
(The use of maybe softens the strength of the advice.)
Should gives definite advice and is stronger than could.
— I’m having trouble in math class.
You could talk to your teacher. Or you could
ask Ann to help you with your math lessons.
Or 1 could try to help you.
(Means: 1 have some possible suggestions for
you. It is possible to do this. Or it is possible
to do that)
Could offers suggestions or possibilities.
Might (but not may ) can also be used to make
suggestions (You might talk to your teacher.), but could
is more common.
— 1 failed my math class.
You should have talked to your teacher
and gotten some help from her during
the term.
(Means: It was important for you to talk to
the teacher, but you didn’t do it. You
made a mistake.)
Should have (past form) gives "hindsight”
advice (Looking back at something after
it happens.)
— 1 failed my math class.
You could have talked to your teacher. Or
you could have asked Ann to help you with
your math. Or 1 could have tried to help you.
(Means: You had the chance to do this or that.
It was possible for this or that to happen. You
missed some good opportunities).
Could have (past form) offers "hindsight”
possibilities.
 Exercise 41, p. 179
Discuss Speaker B ’s and C’s use of should and could . What are the differences in meaning?
1. A: Ted doesn’t feel good. He has a bad stomachache. What do you think
he should do?
B: He should see a doctor.
C: Well, I don’t know. He could call a doctor. He could call Dr. Sung. Or
he could call
Dr. Jones. Or he could simply stay in bed for a day and hope he feels
better tomorrow.
2. A: I need to get to the airport.
B: You should take the airport bus. It’s cheaper than a taxi.
C: Well, you could take the airport bus. Or you could take a taxi. Maybe
Matt could take you. He has a car.
3. A: I took a taxi to the airport, and it cost me a fortune.
B: You should have taken the airport bus.
C: You could have taken the airport bus. Or maybe Matt could have
taken you.