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Suspended Growth:
• Activated sludge
• Oxidation ditch/pond
• Aerated lagoon, stabilization pond
Activated Sludge
Denitrification
NO3- + organics CO2 + N2
Process adaptations
Air
Anoxic Aerobic
Phosphate removal
BNR plants
Air
Wastewater
Anaerobi
Anoxic Aerobic
c
Excess biomass disposal
Production
Separation
Further biological treatment – (an)aerobic
Dewatering
Drying – solar or gas heated
Disposal/ beneficial use – soil amender/fertilizer
or fuel
The cost of biomass disposal amount to about half the cost
of wastewater treatment. Aeration, if used, almost up to
half of the rest of the cost. If no aeration, the capital cost ,
including the cost of land, could be very high.
Typical steps in modern wastewater treatment
Type of Activated Sludge
dX SX
X m
dt Ks S
dX dS
Y
dt dt
dS dX 1 m SX
so : .
dt dt Y Y ( K s S )
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
WITHOUT CELL RECYCLE
Mean Cell Residence Time, θc
Mean cell residence time (MCRT, θc) is the mass of cells in
the system divided by the mass of cells wasted per day.
Consider the system:
VX V
c
QX Q
For no recycle systems, θc = θh
At steady state, the amount of
solids wasted per day must equal
the amount produced per day:
VX VX X
c
dX dS dS
V Y V Y
dt dt dt
Mass Balance on Microorganisms:
Accumulation = input – output – process
dX dS
V QX o QX Y V k d XV
dt dt
In steady state condition (dX/dt) V = 0, and QX0 = 0
m SX
0 QX V k d XV dS
m SX
Ks S dt Y( Ks S )
dibagi VX
Q m S
0 kd
V Ks S
K s ( 1 k d c)
1
m
S
kd S
c Ks S c ( m kd ) 1
Ks
Jika kd diabaikan S
1
kd
m c 1
c
Example
A CSTR without cell recycle receives an influent with 600
mg/L BOD at a rate of 3 m3/day. The BOD in the effluent
must be 10 mg/L. The kinetic constants are: Ks = 500 mg/L
and μm = 4 days-1. How large should the reactor be?
Ks
S
m c 1
K s S 500 10
Solve for θc: c 12.75 days
S m 10 * 4
V
c
Q
V = θc Q = 12.75 (3) = 38.25 m3
Given the conditions in the previous example, What
would the percent reduction in substrate be if the
reactor volume was 24 m3?
V 24
c 8 days
Q 3
Ks 500
S 16.1 mg/L
m c 1 4 * 8 1
VX
c
Qw X r
Removal of substrate often expressed in terms of substrate
removal velocity, q:
mass of substrate removed per time
q
mass of microorgan isms under aeration
So S
V
h S S
q o
VX h X
Mass balance on microorganisms:
dX
V QX o Qw X r ( Q Qw ) X e XV k d XV
dt
X0 = Xe = 0
dX
kondisi stady state : V 0
dt
X Q 1
r w kd kd
XV c
The substrate removal velocity, q, can also be expressed as: q = μ/Y
S
since m
Ks S
By substitution: q 1 m S
Y Ks S
So S So S
q X
X h θh q
Hydraulic retention time:
Since q = μ / Y c Y ( So S )
h
1 X 1 k d c
c
qY
1
kd Reactor volume:
c c Y ( So S )
V Q
X 1 k d c
Solids Separation
The success of the activated sludge process depends on the
efficiency of the secondary clarifier, which depends on the settling
characteristics of the sludge (biosolids).
The hydraulic retention time may be found from the following equation:
m SX h Y ( S o S )( K s S )
So S h
Y (Ks S ) m SX
X = (S0 – S) / ( θh q )
= (300 – 15) / [0.129(0.28)] = 7890 mg/L
Y
( So S ) ( So S ) kd 1 1 Y ( So S )
X h X
X h Y Y h 1 k d c
1
kd
h K s ( 1 k d c )
h Ks 1
S S S ( k ) 1
1 k d h m m
S
m c m d
Ks S
QS o V 1 m S
F c h kd
M V .X Q c Ks S
• Mencari kd dan Y dari percobaan lab.:
( So S ) kd 1 1
slope
1
X h Y Y h (So S ) Y
X h
kd
TANPA intercept
RECYCLE Y
1
h
• Mencari Ks dan μm dari percobaan lab.:
h K 1
S s S Slope
1
1 k d h m m m
h
S
1 k d h
Ks
intercept
m
S
2. DENGAN RECYCLE:
Qw X ( Q Qw ) X e
kd
VX
( So S ) kd 1 1
Y
(So S ) c Y ( So S ) X h Y Y c
X h h
X 1 k d c c Y ( So S )
X
1
kd h 1 k d c
c
1 m S
kd c Ks 1
S c Ks S S S
m
Ks S 1 k d c m m
K s ( 1 k d c )
S
F
QS o
h
V c ( m kd ) 1
M V .X Q
• Mencari ke danY dari percobaan lab.:
( So S ) kd 1 1
slope
1
X h Y Y c (So S ) Y
X h
RECYCLE kd
intercept
Y
1
c
• Mencari Ks dan μm dari percobaan lab.:
c K 1
S s S Slope
1
1 k d c m m m
c
S
1 k d c
Ks
intercept
m
S
Parameters Recycle Non-Recycle
Sludge age & V V
hydraulic residence c h c h
Q Q
time
Microorganism in c Y ( So S ) Y ( So S )
system X X
h 1 k d c 1 k d c
Substrate in system K s ( 1 k d c ) K s ( 1 k d c )
S S
c ( m kd ) 1 c ( m kd ) 1
Determining kd & Y ( So S ) kd 1 1 ( So S ) kd 1 1
X h Y Y c X h Y Y h
Determining Ks & m c K 1 h K 1
S s S S s S
1 k d c m m 1 k d h m m
F-M ratio QS o QS o
F F
M V .X M V .X
Recycle Ratio
R=Qr/Qo
Mass Balance at Junction
• Microorganism
Qo X o Qr X r ( Qo Qr ) X
Xo = 0
Qo Qr X r Qo X r Qr X
1 R
Qr X Qr X Qo X r X
• Substrate
Qo So Qr Sr ( Qo Qr )Se
Qo S o Qr S r
Se
Qo Qr
• Sludge Production
• Oxygen Requirement
Y’ = oxygen coeff, mass
OR Y' S R k'd VX O oxygen/mass substrate
n utilized = 1 – 1,42 Y
kd‘ = endogenous respiration
coeff, mass oxygen/
mass cell-day = 1,42 kd
On = oxygen for nitrification
= mass N x 3.84
Soal-soal
• Suatu percobaan proses lumpur aktif dalam skala
laboratorium yang dioperasikan secara Batch,
dengan waktu aerasi 24 Jam dan diketahui nilai
MLVSS = 70 % dari nilai MLSS. Hitunglah nilai Y
dan kd dengan acuan masa MLVSS. Data hasil
percobaan :
No. Xo (MLSS) Xt (MLSS) So (BOD5) St (BOD5)
Reaktor (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
1 450 790 725 95
2 860 1160 725 89
3 1650 1960 725 77
4 3670 3875 725 70
Suatu kawasan pemukiman dengan jumlah penduduk 8000 jiwa dilayani
dengan sistem IPAL terpusat. Kapasitas air buangan sebesar 225
L/orang.hari dan rata-rata BOD sebesar 425 mg/L. Konsentrasi NH3-N
sebesar 25 mg/L dan teroksidasi sebesar 95 %. Susunan sel C5H7NO2.
Removal BOD pada pengendap I diperkirakan sebesar 32 %. Jika
diinginkan reaktor utama adalah proses Lumpur Aktif, dengan nilai :
Y = 0,81 kg VSS/ kg BOD; ke = 0,07/hari ; Y’ = 0,73 kg O2/kg BOD;
ke’ = 0,16 kg O2/kg VSS; X = 2500 mg MLSS/L ; Xr = 10.000 mg/L
MLVSS/MLSS = 0,7, umur lumpur = 10 hari , waktu tinggal hidrolik = 8
jam.
Hitunglah :
• Konsentrasi BOD effluen.
• Produksi lumpur
• Kebutuhan Oksigen.
• SVI = 85