LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS
Evaluate lim 2𝑥
𝑥→0
• Solution
• Sketch the graph
4
y f(x) = 2x

x
–2 2

As the values of x approaches 0, either from the right or the left, the values of f(x) will get closer to 1.
Properties of Exponential Functions
• The exponential function y = bx (b > 0, b ≠ 1) has the following
properties:
1. Its domain is (– , ).
2. Its range is (0, ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (0, 1)
4. It is continuous on (– , ).
5. It is increasing on (– , ) if b > 1 and decreasing on (– , ) if b < 1.
 Limit laws for exponential functions
For any real number x

a. lim 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑔(𝑥)
b. b. lim 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) =𝑏 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
Examples
• 1.lim 2𝑥 5. lim 3𝑥 − 5𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→1
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
• 2. lim 42𝑥−1 6. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥→2 (2−𝑥)
• 3. lim 2𝑥 -3𝑥−2 7. lim 2𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→2
• 4. lim 𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑥→∞
Properties of Logarithmic Functions
• The logarithmic function
y = logbx (b > 0, b ≠ 1)
has the following properties:
1. Its domain is (0, ).
2. Its range is (– , ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (1, 0).
4. It is continuous on (0, ).
5. It is increasing on (0, ) if b > 1 and decreasing on (0, ) if b < 1.
Limit of Logarithmic functions
• Logarithmic functions are the inverse functions of exponential
functions.
• Let us look into the limit of logarithmic functions by studying its
graph. From the definition of existence of a limit
,lim log b x exist in the interval (0, ∞) and is equal to L if an
x→a
only lim+ log b x = lim− log b x
x→𝑎 x→𝑎
Consider f(x)=log3x. Let us see from the graph
−
the values taken by f as x→ 9 and as x→ 9 +

lim− log 3 𝑥 = lim+ log 3 𝑥 = 2

𝑥→9 𝑥→9
Limit laws of Logarithmic Functions
a. lim log 𝑏 𝑥= log 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ (0, ∞)
𝑥→𝑎
b. lim log 𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑓 𝑎 , 𝑓 𝑎 >0
𝑥→𝑎

When b>1
c. lim log 𝑏 𝑥 = ∞ d. lim+ log 𝑏 𝑥=-∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
When 0<b<1
e. lim log 𝑏 𝑥 = −∞ f. lim+ log 𝑏 𝑥=+∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
 •Examples
1. lim log 5 25𝑥 2 6. lim log 2 (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→5 𝑥→0
2. lim log 2 (12𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→5
3. lim log 2𝑥
𝑥→2
256−𝑥 2
4. lim log 2
𝑥→0 𝑥+2
5.lim log 𝑥
𝑥→1
Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Limit of Trigonometric Functions
• For real number a
a. lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑎) d. lim 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
b. lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓 𝑎 e. lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
c. lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓(𝑎) f. lim 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 sin   cos
1. lim
 4 cos 2

2. lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→𝜋

3. lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→𝜋

4. lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→𝜋
Another special limit