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THEORIES
SOCIOCULTURAL BIOLOGICAL
Sociocultural anthropology draws Biological anthropology and physical
together the principle axes of cultural anthropology are synonymous terms to
anthropology and social anthropology. describe anthropological research
Cultural anthropology is the focused on the study of humans and non-
comparative study of the manifold ways human primates in their biological,
in which people make sense of the world evolutionary, and demographic
around them, while social anthropology dimensions. It examines the biological
is the study of the relationships among and social factors that have affected the
individuals and groups. evolution of humans and other primates,
The study of kinship and social and that generate, maintain or change
organization is a central focus of contemporary genetic and physiological
sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is variation.
a human universal.
ARCHEOLOGICAL LINGUISTIC
SYNCRETISM
RELATIVISM
EVOLUTIONISM PRIMITIVISM
POSTMODERNISM
Diffusionism
G.Elliot Smith
William J Perry
W.H.R Rivers.
They held the view that all cultures originated only in
one part of the world. Egypt was the culture center of the
world and the cradle of civilization. Hence human culture
originated in Egypt and then spread throughout the world.
They pointed to the Pyramid like large stone structures and
sun worship in several parts of the world.
German School of Diffusionism
Friedrich Ratzel
Leo Frobenius
Fritz Graebner
William Schmidt.
There approach was through the analysis of culture complexes
identified geographically and studied as they spread and developed
historically. It has both time and space dimensions. The first dimension
of space was explained in terms of culture circles and the second
dimension of time was explained in terms of culture strata.
ANIMISM
from latin word “anima” meaning breath, spirit, life
Is a religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a
distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things—
animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork and
perhaps even words—as animated and alive.
The idea of animism was developed by anthropologist Sir Edward
Tylor.
-in which he defined it as "the general doctrine of souls and other
spiritual beings in general". According to Tylor, animism often includes
"an idea of pervading life and will in nature“, a belief that natural
objects other than humans have souls.
EVOLUTIONISM
is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its
exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has
progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that
organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive
inherited change (orthogenesis). The teleological belief went on to
include cultural evolution and social evolution. In the 1970s the term
Neo-Evolutionism was used to describe the idea "that human beings
sought to preserve a familiar style of life unless change was forced on
them by factors that were beyond their control".
FUNCTIONALISM