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• Infiltration
– Water moving into soil by crossing the soil surface
• Percolation
– Water moving through soil (movement within the
soil profile)
• Seepage
– Water moving out of soil
• Zone of Aeration: Region in the ground in which pore spaces are filled with air.
• Zone of Saturation: Region in the ground in which pore spaces are filled with water.
• Water table: The interface between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration.
• Capillarity: The upward movement of water through very small pore spaces.
Infiltration
• Infiltration depends on
– Soil surface condition
• Soil moisture condition
• Vegetation providing channelization through roots
• Compaction, cracks, urbanization, etc.
– Storm conditions
• Rainfall intensity and duration, etc.
– Underground condition
• Soil texture and transmission characteristics
• Storage available underground
– Others???
Infiltration Capacity
1. Ring Infiltrometer
2. Double Ring Infiltrometer
3. Sprinkler Infiltrometer
Ring Infiltrometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltrometer
Typical Infiltration Curve
Sprinkler Infiltrometer
volume 3
Conti….
• Green-Ampt Model
• SCS Method
• Horton's Model
• others
Green-Ampt Method (1911)
• Based on Darcy’s law and unsteady continuity
equation
• Then integrating the differential equations
F(t) = Ks t + ∆θ S ln [ 1 + F (t) / ∆θS ]
F (t) = cumulative infiltration at time t
t (t) = rate of infiltration at time t
Moisture deficit = ∆θ = θs- θi
θi = initial water content
θs= saturated water content
Ks =Saturated hydraulic conductivity
S = capillary suction
And rate of infiltration f (t) = Ks (1 + S∆ θ / F)
Limitations
• Evaporation:
– Change of liquid to vapor from soil or water surface
• Transpiration:
– Change of liquid to vapor from plant
• Evapotranspiration= Evaporation + Transpiration
Evaporation
• Depends on:
– Solar radiation
– Temperature of water and air
– Difference in vapor pressure between water and
the overlying air
– Wind speed
– ….
Estimating Evaporation
• Plant Factor
– Efficiency of root system to absorb moisture
– Leaf area and structure
• Soil Factor
– Amount of moisture in soil
• Climate Factor
– Solar radiation
– Atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind
– Etc.
Evapotranspiration (ET)
• ET rates depends on
– Humidity (ET increases with decrease in Humidity)
– Temperatures
– Sunshine
– Wind
– Moisture available
– Vegetation type and coverage
Potential Evapotranpiration (PET)
M1i and M2i are soil moisture % in the ith layer at the time of 1st
and 2nd sampling respectively
Gi = apparent specific gravity of ith layer of the soil
Di = depth of ith layer of the soil (mm) within the root zone
n = number of soil layers considered in the entire root zone
Lysimeters
• Penman’s Equation
– Based on energy balance and mass transfer
approach