CHAPTER 1 SM025 2018 19 Nota Pelajar

STUDENT’S COPY
CHAPTER 1 :
INTEGRATION
LECTURE 1 OF 4
1.1 Integration of
Functions
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson ,students should
be able :
(a) relate integration and differentiation
(b) use the basic rules of integration
(c) find the integral of
 dx  dx 
x x ax  b
(i) e (ii) a (iii) e dx
1
a dx (v)  dx
bx  c
(iv)
x
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 2
(d) solve the integral of the forms:
'
f ( x) f(x)
'
(i)  f ( x)
dx (ii )  f ( x )e dx
' n
f ( x)  f ( x)  dx
(iii) 
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19
3
1.1 (a) relate integration and differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION
dy
y dx
f
F
ANTI DERIVATIVE
The process of finding anti derivatives
is called
INTEGRATION
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 4
Definition :
• A function F is called an anti derivative
of a function f if the derivative of F is f .
d (F )
 f
dx
 F is anti derivative of f
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 5
   
d 2
2x2  4x 4 x dx 2 x
dx
d
dx
 2

2x  5  4x  4 x dx  2 x  2
5
d
dx

2 x  10  4 x
2
  4 x dx  2 x 
2
10
F ( x)  c  f ( x) 
d
f ( x) dx  F ( x)  c
dx
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 6
d
F ( x)  c  f ( x)  f ( x) dx  F ( x)  c
dx
“the indefinite integral of f(x)

equals F(x) plus c “
 - Integral sign
f(x) - Integrand
F(x) - anti-derivative
c - arbitrary constant
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 7
Example 1
Show that F(x) is anti derivative

of f(x) if
F ( x)  x  1  C
3
and
f ( x)  3x  6 x  3
2
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 8
Solution

F ( x)  x  13
 C and f ( x)  3x  6 x  3
2
d
dx
d
dx

F ( x)  x  1  C
3

F(x) is anti derivative of f(x)

KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 9
1.1 (b) Basic Rules of Integration
1. k dx  kx  c where k , c are constants

n 1
x
2.  x dx 
n
c where n  1, c is a constant
n 1
3. k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx where k is a constant
4.   f ( x)  g ( x)  dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
n dx  (ax  b) n1
5.  ( ax  b )  c ; where n  1, a  0,
a (n  1)
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 c is a constant
10
CAUTION !!
(i )  f ( x) g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
(ii )  f ( x) g ( x) dx  f ( x)  g ( x) dx
f ( x)  f ( x) dx
(iii )  dx 
g ( x)  g ( x) dx
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 11
Example 2
Find the following integrals

1
b)  3 dx 
4
a) x dx c) x dx
2x
2
   
2
d) dx e) (t t 3) dt
3
x
x  2x 1
5 2
f)   (1  2 x)
3
4
dx g ) dx
x
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 12
n  1
Solution x
 x dx  n  1  C
n

4
a) x dx 1
b)  3 dx
2x
1 3
  x dx
2
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 13
2
c)  x dx d)  x 3
dx
1 3


2
x dx    2x 2
dx
 (t  t  3) dt
2
e)
14
x  2x 1
5 2
f)  x4 dx
  xdx  2 x dx   x dx 2 4
 (1  2 x) dx 
3
g)
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 15
1.1 (c) The Integral of Functions
x
a
 c (ii)  a x dx = c
x x
(i) e dx = e
ln a
ax  b
e
(iii)  e ax  b
dx = c
a
bx  b
a
(iv)  a bx  c
dx = c
b ln a
1 1 1
(v)  dx =ln x  c (vi)  dx = ln ax  b  c
x ax  b a
16
Example 3 Find the following integrals :
  3e
5x 3x
(a) e dx (b) dx
1
(f)  dx
3x  1
Solution
 dx 
5x
(a) e
17
 3e dx 
3x
(b)
 
x
(c) 2 dx
4
2 3 x
(d) dx 
5
(e)  dx
x
1
(f)  dx
3x  1
18
1.1 (d) The Integral of
f ' ( x)
(i)  f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x)  c
' f ( x) f ( x )
(ii )  f ( x )e dx  e c
n 1
' n
f ( x)  f ( x) dx 
 f ( x) 
(iii)  n 1
c
 (3x
2x x3  x 2
(a)  2 dx (b) 2
 1)e dx
x 1
(c)  2 
x x 2
3  4
dx KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 19
Solution
f ( x)  x 2  1
2x
(a)  2 dx  f '( x) 
x 1
 (3x  1)e
2 x3  x  2 f ( x)  x  x  2
3
(b) dx
f '( x) 

 2x  x  3 dx
2 4 f ( x)  x 2  3
(c)
f '( x) 

20
conclusion
 f F is anti derivates
d (F )
dx of f
1.  k dx  kx  c where k , c are constants
n 1
x
2.  x n dx   c where n  1, c  constant
n 1
3.  k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx where k  constant
4.  f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
(ax  b) n1
5.  (ax  b) dx 
n
 c where n  1, a  0, c  constant
a(n  1)
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 21
1.1 (c) The Integral of Functions
x
a
 c (ii)  a x dx = c
x x
(i) e dx = e
ln a
ax  b
e
(iii)  e ax  b
dx = c
a
bx  b
a
(iv)  a bx  c
dx = c
b ln a
1 1 1
(v)  dx =ln x  c (vi)  dx = ln ax  b  c
x ax  b a
22
1.1 (d) The Integral of
'f ( x)
(i)  f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x)  c
'f ( x)e f ( x) f ( x )
(ii)  dx  e c
n 1
'f ( x)  f ( x) n  f ( x) 
(iii)  dx 
n 1
c
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 23
Find :
EXCERCISE
ANSWERS :
x2 1
1)  2 dx
x
x
 x ( x  ) dx
3
2)
2
3 x
3)  dx
x 4)  ln 1  x  c
1
4)  dx 1
1 x 5 ) ln x 2  4  c
2
x
5)  x 2  4 dx
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 24
LECTURE 2 OF 4
1.2 Integration of Trigonometric
Functions
1.3 Techniques of Integration
(a) Integration by using substitution
(b) Find the integral by integration
by parts
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 25
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson, students should

be able to :
(a) find the integration of Trigonometric
Functions
(b) find the integral by substitution
 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x) dx   f (u ) du where u  g ( x)
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 26
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson ,students should

be able to :
(c) find the integral by integration by

parts
 udv  uv  vdu 
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 27
1.2 Integration of trigonometric
functions
Differentiation Integration
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 28
 sec ax tan ax dx
1
 sec ax + c
a
 cosec ax cot ax dx
d
 cosec ax 
dx
1
= -a cosec ax cot ax   cosec ax + c
a
1
  
2
cosec ax dx cot ax + c
a
29
 3x 
(a)  sin 4 x dx (b)  2 cos   dx
4
 x  4 
(c)  2 sec     dx
2
(d)  sin  9 x    dx
 2  5 
 1 
(e)    5 cos 4 x  dx
 cos 2 2 x 
 
Solution
(a)  sin 4x dx 
30
 3x 
(b)  2 cos  4  dx 

 x
 2sec    2  dx 
2
(c)
 4 
(d)  sin  9 x    dx 
 5 
31
 1 
(e)    5cos 4 x  dx
 cos 2 x 
2
  sec 2 x dx  5 cos 4 x dx
2
32
(a) Substitution
(b) Integration by parts
(c) Partial fractions
33
(a) Integration (Substitution Technique)
 f ( g ( x)). g ' ( x) dx   f (u ) du
 F (u )  c
 F ( g ( x))  c
Step 1 : Substitute u = g(x)  du = g’(x) dx

to obtain the integral
 f (u) du
Step 2 : Integrate f(u) with respect to u
Step 3 : Replace u by g(x) in the result
34
Substitution Method
Example 1 Find  (2 x  1) dx 5
 (2 x  1) dx
5
Solution
=
Let u = 2x + 1
35
Example 2 Find  (3x  5) x  1 dx
Solution  (3x  5) x  1dx
Let u = x + 1
=
=
=
36
 2  ln x 
3
Example 3 Find  dx
x
Solution 1 
 2  ln x   x dx 
3
Let u = 2 + ln x
=
37
(b) Integration By Parts
Consider:  ln x dx ,  x 2
ln x dx ,  xe dx ,
x
How to integrate?
Substitution
No!
Method!
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 38
Integration By Parts
Suppose u and v are differentiable

functions of x. Then by a product rule,
d(uv ) dv du …………. (1)

u v
dx dx dx
Integrate both sides of equation
(1) with respect to x, we obtain
39
d(uv)  dv du 
 dx dx =   dx dx 
 u + v  dx
dv du
= u dx +  v dx
dx dx
We simplify the above equation as :
uv   udv   vdu
40
Rewrite the equation,
uv   udv   vdu
 udv  uv   vdu
This formula is called

integration by parts.
41
Hint
In using the formula of integration

by parts , a right choice for u and
dv must be made :
• Expression u is differentiated to
get du
• Expression dv is integrated to get v
42
Integration (By Parts Technique)
 u dv = uv -  v du
We need to make a judicious choice of u and dv to
make the right-hand side of the integration by parts
rule becomes the one you know how to integrate
Try this……. LoPet Lo – Logarithm

P – Polynomial
E – Exponential
T – Trigonometric
43
Example 1

x
Find xe dx
Solution :
Let   
x
xe dx udv
Choose u = x and dv = ex dx
44
  xe dx   udv
x
 uv   v du
45
Now choose : u = ex and dv = xdx
 xe dx   udv
x
 uv   vdu This function

is getting more
complicated .
It shows that
we have made
the wrong
choice
46

Example 2 ln x dx
Find
Solution :
Let u= and dv =
  ln x dx  uv   v du
47
Example 3 Find
 3 x  1 ln xdx
Solution :
Let u  dv 
 3x  1ln xdx Simplify

first
48
49
conclusion
1
(a)  sin ax dx   cos ax  c
a
1
(b)  cos ax dx  sin ax  c
a
1
(c)  sec ax dx  tan ax  c
2
a
1
(d)   secax tan ax  dx  secax  c
a
1
(e)   cosecaxcot ax  dx   cosecax  c
a
1
 cos e c ax dx   a cot ax  c
2
(f)
50
conclusion
 f ( g ( x)). g ' ( x) dx   f (u ) du
 F (u )  c
 F ( g ( x))  c
 f (u) du
51
conclusion
This formula is called
integration by parts.
• Expression u is differentiated to
get du
• Expression dv is integrated to get v
52
EXERCISES
Find :
1.  sec 2 2 x  dx 3  2x 
Ans : tan    c
3 2 3
1
2.  sin 6 x cos 6 x dx Ans :  cos12 x  c
24
3. Find :
6 x  1
3
A
 6 x  1 dx
2
a) C
N
3t  4
9
b) 
1
3
dt
8
S 
3t  4
1
3
9

C
2
W 9
t 3
1 x3
E e C
c)  x e dx
2 x3
R 3
x S 2
d)  (1  x)  2(1  x) 2  C
3 1
dx 2
1 x 3 53
EXERCISES
Find :
1.  ln3x  5dx  x ln xdx
2
2.
3.  x cos 3x dx
5
ANSWERS : 1. x ln(3 x  5)  x  ln(3 x  5)  c
3
3 3
x x
2. ln x   c
6 18
x sin 3 x cos 3 x
3.  c
3 9
54
LECTURE 3 OF 4
(c) Solve the integral of a rational
function by means of
decomposition into partial
fractions .
1.4 Definite Integral
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 55
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson,

students should be able to :
(a) solve the integral of a rational

function by means of
decomposition into partial
fractions .
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 56
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson, students

should be able to :
(b) use the properties of definite integral
(c) determine the value of the definite
integral
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 57
(c) Integration of rational functions by using
partial fractions
f (x)
Rational functions : Any functions of the form
g(x)
where f(x) and g(x) are polynomials
f(x)
How to find  dx using partial fractions ?
g(x)
58
FRACTIONS
Power: f (x) ≥ g(x)
Power: f (x) < g(x) (Not Included)
Long Division
Check the factors
59
Function Partial Fractions
x A B

(x  1)(x  2) x1 x 2
2 A B C
 
x(x  1) 2
x x1 (x  1) 2
x2 A Bx  C
 2
x(x2  x  1 ) x (x  x  1)
NOTE : The constants A, B and so on can be
determined by substituting the suitable values for x or
by comparing the coefficients.
60
5x  3
Example 1 Find  2 dx
x  2x  3
Solution : Factorize the denominator and
determine the values of A and B.
5x  3 A B
  Linear
x  2x  3 x  1 x  3
2
Factors
5 x  3  A( x  3)  B( x  1)
when x   1 ,
when x  3 ,
61
Therefore,
5x  3
 x 2  2 x  3 dx 
62
6x  7
Example 2 Find  dx
(x  2) 2
Solution : Repeated
Linear Factors
6x  7 A B
 
(x  2) x  2 (x  2)
2 2
 6x  7  A( x  2)  B
when x   2 , B  5
compare the coeff. of x , A  6
Partial
6x  7 6 5
   fractions
(x  2) x  2 (x  2)
2 2
63
6x  7 6 5
 ( x  2) 2
dx  
x2
dx  
( x  2) 2
dx
64
2 TYPES OF INTEGRAL
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
 f ( x) dx 
a
f ( x) dx
 F ( x)  c
 F (b)  F (a )
65
Definition
Definite Integral
If f is continuous at every point in the interval
[ a , b ] and if F is any
Anti derivative of f on [ a , b ] , then
b
 a
f ( x ) dx = F( b ) - F( a )
66
Properties of definite integral
If f(x) and g(x) is continuous on [ a , b ]

then:
b
(a)  a
c dx  c(b  a ) , c is a constant
b
  f ( x)  g ( x) dx 
b b
(b) f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a
b a
b
(c)  a
cf ( x) dx  c  f ( x )dx , c is a constant
a
67
a
(d)  f ( x)dx  0
a
c b c
(e)  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a a b
where a  b  c
b
(f) If f ( x)  0 for a  x  b, then  f ( x) dx  0
a
b a
(g)  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
a b
68
Example 1
Given
  
2 5 2
f (x)dx  3, f (x)dx  6 and g(x)dx  1
0 2 0

2

5
Find : a) (2f (x)  5g(x))dx b) f ( x)dx
0 0
Solution

2
a) (2f (x)  5g(x))dx
0
69
Solution

5
b) f ( x)dx
0
70
3
Example 2 Evaluate
 (x
3
 1)dx
1
Solution
3
( x  1 ) dx
3
1
71
Example 3 By using the substitution method,
1
 3x x  1 dx
2 3
evaluate
1
Solution Let : u = x3 +1
du 
when x = 1, u = 13 + 1 = 2
when x = -1, u = (-1)3 + 1 = 0
1 1
  3x x  1 dx   x  1 3x dx
2 3 3 2
1 1
72
73
1

x
Example 4 Evaluate xe dx
0
Solution
Let
1
 xe dx   udv
x
0
Choose u = x and dv = e-x dx
74
xe dx  uv 0   vdu
1 1

x 1
0 0
75
2

3
Example 5 Evaluate dx
2 x  x  2
Solution
By using partial fraction, By substituting the
2 A B suitable values of x,
  we find that A = 1, B
x(x  2) x x2
= -1
1 1
 
x x2
2 1 1

3
2 ( x  x  2 )dx
3
dx 
2 x  x  2
76
77
conclusion
b
 a
f ( x ) dx = F( b ) – F( a )
If f(x) and g(x) is continuous on [ a , b ]

then:
b
(a)  a
b
  f ( x)  g ( x) dx 
b b
(b) f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a
b a
b
(c)  a
a
78
a
(d)  f ( x)dx  0
a
c b c
(e)  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a a b
where a  b  c
b
a
b a
(g)  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
a b
79
conclusion
FRACTION
Power: f (x) < g(x) (Not included)
Long Division
Check the factors
80
EXERCISES
Find :
5 x  4 x  12 2
1.  dx
( x  2)  x  4  2
Ans : 3 ln x  2  ln x  4  c
2
x3
2.  dx
 x  1 x  1
2
1
Ans :  ln x  1  ln x  1  c
x 1
81
Exercises
1. Given  f ( x)dx  5 , find the value of ;
7
(a)  3 f ( x)dx
7
2
Answers :
(a)15 (b) 15
(b)  ( f ( x)  2)dx
7
2
25 320
(c)  ( x  2 f ( x))dx
7
(c ) (d )
2 2 3
(d )  ( f ( x)  x )dx
2
2
82
2. Evaluate the following ;
Answers :
e e x x
(a) 
2
dx (a)1.059
x
e 1
(b) 0.3863
x3 (c)  0.6363
(b) 
3
dx
1 x 2
(d ) 1,827,904
(c)  (ln x) xdx
1
(d )  (6 x  1)(3x  x) dx
4
2 3
83
LECTURE 4 OF 4
1.4 Definite Integrals

(a) Area of a Region
(b) Volume of Solid of Revolution
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 84
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this lesson, students

should be able to :
(a) determine the area of a region

(b) determine the volume of a solid
of revolution about one of the
coordinate axes.
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 85
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
AREA OF VOLUME OF
A REGION SOLID OF
REVOLUTION
86
The region under the AREA OF A REGION
curve is subdivided
into n rectangles Each rectangle has
width= x
x=b and height = f(xi)
y Approximate the area
y=f(x)
of the region by taking
x=a the sum of n
rectangles
0 x x
x1 x2 x3 xn
Area of one small rectangle f ( x1 )x  f ( x2 )x  ...  f ( xn )x
n
= height×width   f ( xi )x.
 f  x i   x i 1
n b
As n   , x  0 AREA  li m  f ( x i )x   f ( x )dx

n   i 1 a
87
(a) Area of a region bounded by
the curve y=f(x) , the x-axis, and
the lines x=a and x=b.
y y= f(x)
x
x=a x=b b
Area   y dx
a
88
Region below the x-axis
y
x
x=a x=b
y=f(x)
b
Area   y dx
a
89
Example 1
Find the following integrals :
1 3
x  1 dx x  1 dx
2 2
(a ) (b)
1 1
3
x  1 dx
2
(c )
1
Sketch the area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 1

, the x-axis and the lines x= – 1 and x=3 . Hence
find the area of the bounded region.
90
Solution :
1
1
x  3
(a )  x  1 dx  
2
 x
1 3  1
y
-1 0 1 x
91
3
 
3 3
(b )  x  1 dx 2 x
  x
1
 3 1
y
0 1 3 x
92
3
 
3 3
(c )  x  1 dx  x
 x
2

1
3  1
93
Sketch graph:
y
Find the intersection points
of the curve with the x-axis.
R2
x x2 – 1 = 0
R1
(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=-1 x=3 x =– 1 , x = 1
Find the area of the bounded region :
Area  Area R1  Area R2

94
1
R1   (x  1) dx
2
Area
1
3
Area R 2   (x  1)dx 2
 Area 
95
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve y=x2+1 , x-axis, the lines x=1 and x=2.
Solution : y
2
Area R   y dx 1 R
1 x
0 1 2
96
(b) Area of a region bounded by
the curve x=f(y) , y-axis, and the
lines y=c and y=d.
y
x=f(y) d
y=d
y=c
Area  
c
x dy
x
0
97
Region on the left and the right of y-axis
y
x=f(y)
y=e
x
y=d
e d
y=c Area   x dy   x dy
d c
98
Example 3
Sketch the graph of the curve x = y(2 – y)
and find the area between the curve, the
y-axis and the lines y = -1 and y = 2 .
Solution :
x = y(2 – y)
y
of the curve with the y-axis. 2
y(2 – y) = 0
y = 0, y = 2
0 x
-1
99
Area of the shaded region
2 0
  y ( 2  y ) dy   y( 2  y ) dy
0 1
100
(c) Region (R) bounded by two curves
y = f(x) and y = g(x)
y
y=f(x) If f(x) ≥ g(x) in
R the interval [a,b]
y=g(x) then the area of
the region
x between the two
x=a x=b curves is :
b
Area   f ( x)  g( x) dx
a
101
Example 4
Determine the points of intersection between
the graphs of y =4 – x2 and y = 1 – 2x .Hence
find the area bounded by the two graphs.
Solution :
Find the intersection points of the two curves.
4 – x2 = 1 – 2x
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x=3 ,x=–1
Thus the points of intersection are P(– 1,3) and
Q(3, – 5) 102
3
Area R   f (x)  g(x) dx
1
 (4  x )  (1  2x) dx
3
P  2
R
1
-1 3
Q
103
(d) Region (R) bounded by two curves
x= f(y) and x= g(y)
y
x=f(y)
y=d
x=g(y) R
x
y=c
d
Area   f ( y )  g( y ) dy
c 104
Example 5
Region R is bounded by the curve x = 4 – y2
and the line y = 2 – x. Find the area of region R.
Solution :
Find the intersection
points of the two
curves. 2
4 – y2 = 2 – y R
y2 – y – 2 = 0 4
-1
(y + 1)(y – 2) = 0
y=–1 , y=2
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 105
2
  4 - y 
  -  2 - y  dy
Area 2
-1
106
Definition
Volume of a solid of revolution
(Revolve about the x-axis)
The volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region between the curve y = f(x) and x-
axis from x = a to x = b about the x - axis
through 360o is given by :
y= f(x)
Volume (V)   y  dx

b 2
a
x=a x=b
107
Y h ROTATE
O
X
The shape of the shaded region is a
RECTANGLE.
Rotation of the shaded region through 360o
about the x-axis will generate a SOLID
CYLINDER.
108
Y
r
X
When the region in the x-y plane is

revolved about x-axis through 3600, the
resulting solid is a cylinder as shown
above.
109
Example 1
Find the volume of a solid of revolution formed by
revolving the region bounded by the curve
f(x) = 4 – x2 in the first quadrant about the x-axis
through 360o.
Solution : f(x)=4-x2

on the x – axis.
4 – x2 = 0 0 2
(2 – x)(2 + x) = 0
x = 2, x = – 2 110
   f (x)
b 2
V dx
a
  4  x
2
0
  dx
2 2
111
112
Definition
Volume of a solid of revolution

(Revolve about the y-axis)
The volume of the solid generated by revolving

the region between the curve x= g(y) and y-axis
from y=c to y=d about the y-axis through 360o is
given by :
113
x= g(y)
y=d
y=c
Volume (V)   x dy

d 2
c
114
Y
Y ROTATE
O X
O X
When the region in the x-y plane is

revolved about y-axis through 3600, the
resulting solid is a cone as shown above.
115
Example 2
revolving the region bounded by the graph of
f(x)=4 – x2 , the x-axis and y-axis about the y-axis
through 360o
Solution :
Find the intersection g( y)  4  y
y  4 x 2
4
points on the y–axis.
x2  4  y
x  4 y 0  4 y
0
g( y)  4  y y4
116
V     g ( y)  dy
d 2
 
2

4
4 y dy
0
117
118
conclusion
b
y y= f(x)
Area   y dx
a
x=a x=b x
b y
x
Area  
a
y dx x=a x=b
y=f(x)
119
conclusion
y x=f(y)
d y=d
Area   x dy y=c
c x
y
y=e
x=f(y)
e d
Area   x dy   x dy
d c
x
y=d
y=c
120
conclusion
y
y=f(x)
R
Area    f ( x)  g ( x) dx y=g(x)
b
x
a
x=a x=b
y x=f(y)
y=d
d
Area   f ( y )  g( y ) dy
x=g(y) R
c x
y=c
121
conclusion
Volume(V )     y  dx
b 2
b
a
Revolve 360 0
V    ( y 1  y 2 ) dx about x-axis
2 2
Volume(V )     x  dy
d 2
c Revolve 360 0
 dy
d
about y-axis
V    x1  x 2
2 2
c
122
Exercises
1. Find the area enclosed by the curve
y  ln x, the line y  1 , x and y axes.
Answer :(e  1) unit 2
2. Find the area of the region bounded by
the curves y  2 x  1 and y  x
between x  0 and x  4.
28
Answer : unit 2
3
3. Find the area of the region bounded by
the graphs y 2  8  x and y 2  x.
64
Answer : unit 2
3
123
Exercises
1. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when
the region bounded by the curve y = x2 – 2 , the y – axis
and the line y = 4 is rotated about the y-axis through
360o ANSWER : 18 
2. Calculate the volume generated when the finite region

enclosed by the curve y = 1 + 2e-x and the lines x = 0, x = 1
and y = 1 is revolved completely about the x - axis.
 1 1 3
ANSWER : 4   2   
 2e e 2 
124
STUDENT’S COPY
CHAPTER 1 :
INTEGRATION
TUTORIAL
1.1 Integration of
Functions
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 125
Example 1
Find the following in tegrals.
4 1
(a)  dx (c)  3
dx
x (2 x)
1 3
(b)  3x 4
dx (d) 7y 4
dy
(e)  ( 3x
6
 2 x )  x  2  dx
2
 7 
(f)   3/4 - 3 y  4 y  dy
y 
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 126
Solution :
 x2  1 
1
4
(a)  dx = 4 x 1 / 2 dx  4  1  + c
x   2  1
= 8x1/2 + c
= 8 x + c.
 1

1
x 4
b   3x1/ 4 dx  3 x 4 dx  3 1 c
1
 4  1 
5
12
 x c 4
5
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 127
1 1
(c )  3
dx   3 dx
(2 x) 8x
1 3 1  x 2 
  x dx   c
8 8 2
1
 2
c
16 x
d   7 y 3/ 4
dy  7 y dy
3
4
 y 1 
3
4
7 3 c
7
 4y  c
4
 4  1 
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 128
(e)  ( 3x
6
 2 x )  x  2  dx
2
  (3x  6 x  2 x  4 x ) dx
7 6 3 2
3x  x   x   x 
8 7 4 3
  6   2   4   c
8 7 4 3
8 7 4 3
3x 6 x x 4 x
    c
8 7 2 3
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 129
 7 
(f)   3/4 - 3 y  4 y  dy
y 
 7 y 3 / 4
dy   y dy  4 y dy
1/ 3 1/ 2
1/ 4 4/3 3/ 2
7y y 4y
   C
1/ 4 4 / 3 3 / 2
4/3 3/ 2
3 y 8 y
 28 y 
1/ 4
 C
4 3
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 130
3
(a)  dx
(2 x  1) 5
1
(b)  3
(2  3x) 10
dx
1
(c)  dx
2 3x  1
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 131
Solution
3  5
(a)  5
dx  3 (2 x  1) dx
(2 x  1)
  4 
 (2 x  1) 
3   c
(4)(2)
 
3
 c
8(2 x  1) 4
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 132
10
1 
(b)  10
dx   (2  3 x) 3
dx
(2  3x)
3
7

(2  3x) 3
 c
 7
  3  (3)
 
1
 7
c
7(2  3 x) 3
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 133
1 1 1
(c)  dx   dx
2 3x  1 2 3x  1
1
1 
  (3 x  1) dx 2
2
 1 
1  (3 x  1) 2 
   c
2  1 (3) 
 2 
1
(3 x  1) 2
 c
3
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 134
i) The integration which produce
logarithmic functions
i.
d
ln x  
1 1
 x dx  ln x  c
dx x
ii.
d
ln (ax  b)  1
(a)
dx ax  b
1 1
 dx  ln ax  b  c , a  0
ax  b a
f  x 
In general,  dx  ln f  x   c
f  x
135
Example 3
Find the integral of the following functions.
 1 2
(a)  1  dx (b)  dx
 x 3(1  2 x)
Solution :
(a) 1   dx x  ln x  c
 1
 x 
2  ln 1  2 x 
(b)
 3(1  2 x) = 3   2   c   3 ln 1  2x  c
dx 2 1
 
136
ii)The integral of

f ( x)
f ' ( x )e dx
dx
 
d f ( x)
e  f ' ( x )e f ( x )   f ' ( x ) e f ( x)
dx  e f ( x)
c
e axb

ax b
e dx  c
a
Example 4
 1  xe
1
e
1 2 x  x 2
(a) 2 x 3
dx (b) dx
137
Solution
3 2 x
1 e
(a)  2 x 3 dx 
3 2 x
 e dx  c
e 2
 1  xe
1 2 x  x 2
(b) dx f ( x)  1  2 x  x 2
f ' ( x)  2  2 x
  2x  1e
1 1 2 x  x 2
dx  21  x 
2
1 1 2 x  x 2
 e c
2
138
iii) The integral of  f ' ( x) f ( x) dx
n
.
 f ( x )
n 1
 f ' ( x) f ( x) dx  c

n
n 1
Example 5

ln x
(b) 
x x  5 dx dx
2 3
(a) x
139
Solution
 
1
    5
2 3 2 3 2
(a) x x 5 dx x x dx
 
1
1
  3x x  5 dx
2 3 2
f ( x)  x 3  5 3
 3 
 
3
f ' ( x)  3x 2
1 x 5 
 
2 3
2 3
  c x  5 2 c
3 3  9
 2 
(b) 
ln x
dx 
ln x 
c
2 f ( x)  ln x
1
x 2 f ' ( x) 
x
140
x
iv) The integral of a dx
d x ax
(a  c)  a x ln a   a dx  ln a  c
x
dx
mx n
d mxn a
(a  c)  a mxn ln a  m   a
mx n
dx  c
dx ln a(m)
Example 6
3
(a) 5
2 x 3
dx (b) 2 x 6
dx
141
Solution
2 x 3
5

2 x 3
(a) 5 dx  c
2 ln 5
3
(b) 2 x 6
dx  3 2 6 x dx

32 6 x
c

 ln 2
142
1.2 Integration of trigonometric
functions
Differentiation Integration
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 143
 sec ax tan ax dx
1
 sec ax + c
a
 cosec ax cot ax dx
d
 cosec ax 
dx
1
= -a cosec ax cot ax   cosec ax + c
a
1
  
2
cosec ax dx cot ax + c
a
144
 sin  cos
2 2
(a) Integration of ax dx and ax dx
To integrate
  cos
2 2
sin ax dx and ax dx
we have to use the identities
1  cos 2ax
sin ax 
2
2
and
1  cos 2ax
cos ax 
2
2
145
Therefore
and
146
Example 1
Find the integral
1  cos6x
a)  sin 2
3xdx  dx
2
1
   1  cos6x  dx
2
1  sin6x 
 x   c
2 6 
x sin6x
  c
2 12 147
1  cos8x
 cos 4xdx
2
b)  dx
2
1
   1  cos8x  dx
2
1 sin 8x 
 x   c
2 8 
x sin 8x
  c
2 16
148
(b) Integration of  sin ax cos bxdx ,  cos ax cos bxdx
and  sin ax sin bxdx
The following identities will be used.
FACTOR FORMULAE
1
sin ax cos bx  sin(a  b) x  sin(a  b) x 
2
1
cos ax cos bx   cos(a  b) x  cos(a  b) x 
2
1
sin ax sin bx   cos(a  b) x  cos(a  b) x 
2 149
Example 2 The angles
ab
are not equal
Find :
(a)  sin 3 x cos x dx
(b)  cos 6 x cos 4 x dx
(c)  sin x sin 3 x dx
150
1
Solution : sin ax cos bx  sin(a  b) x  sin(a  b) x 
2
(a)  sin 3x cos x dx a=3,b=1

1
  sin 4 x  sin 2 x  dx
2
1  cos 4 x cos 2 x 
    c
2 4 2 
1 1
  cos 4 x  cos 2 x  c
8 4
151
1
cos ax cos bx  cos(a  b) x  cos(a  b) x 
Solution : 2
(b)  cos 6 x cos 4 x dx a=6,b=4

1
   cos10 x  cos 2 x  dx
2
1  sin10 x sin 2 x 
    c
2  10 2 
1 1
 sin10 x  sin 2 x  c
20 4
152
1
Solution : sin ax sin bx  cos(a  b) x  cos(a  b) x 
2
(c)  sin x sin 3x dx
a=1,b=3
1
   cos(2 x)  cos 4 x  dx
2
1 cos(-2x)=cos(2x)
 cos(2 x)  cos 4 x  dx
2
1  sin 2 x sin 4 x 
    c
2 2 4 
1 1
 sin 2 x  sin 4 x  c
4 8 KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19
153
(c) Integration of  sin ax cos axdx
The following identity will be used :
sin 2ax  2 sin ax cos ax
Example 3
Find  2 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
Solution :
 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx   sin 4xdx
cos 4x
 c
4
154
 sin  cos
3 3
(d) Integration of ax dx and ax dx
To integrate we have to use the identities :
sin ax  cos ax  1
2 2
Example 4
Determine  sin 3 2 d
Solution :
 sin 2 d   sin 2 2sin 2 d
3 2
  1  cos 2  sin 2 d
155
Substitute : u  cos 2
du
 2sin 2
d
1
 du  sin 2 d
2
2  1
 sin 3
2 d   1  u  .  
 2
 du
1  u 3
  u    c
2 3
1 cos 2 
3
  cos 2   c
2 3  156
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
Example 5 sin2 x = 1 – cos2 x
 
3 2 3
Find (a) sin x dx (b) sin x cos x dx
Solution :
u = cos x

3
(a) sin x dx du = – sin x dx
   (1  u ) du 2
  sin x sin x dx
2
 u  3

  1  cos x sin x dx 2
   u    c
 3
  (1  u )( du )2
157
Substitute
u = cos x
 u 3
   u    c
3
sin x dx
 3
 1 3 
  cos x  cos x   c
 3 
1 3
 cos x  cos x  c
3
158

(b) 2 3
sin x cos x dx
  sin x cos x cos x dx
2 2
  sin x(1  sin x) cos x dx

2 2
  u (1  u ) du  (u  u ) du 
2 2 2 4
3 5
u u
  c Substitute
u = sin x
3 5 du = cos x dx
1 3 1 5
 sin x  sin x  c
3 5
159
Example 6 [PSPM 2013 – 5M]
Determine  cot 2 sin 2 d

2 3
Solution :
cos 2
2

2
cot 2 sin 3
2 d  sin 2 d
3
sin 2 2
2
  cos 2 sin 2 d
Substitute : u  cos 2
du
 2sin 2
d
1
 du  sin 2 d
2 KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 160
 1
 cot 2 sin 2 d   u .   2  du
2 3 2
1 u  3
   c
2 3 
1
  cos 2  c
3
161
(1) Substitution
(2) Integration by parts
(3) Partial fractions
162
 f ( g ( x)). g ' ( x) dx   f (u ) du
 F (u )  c
 F ( g ( x))  c

 f (u) du
163
1
Example 1 Find e t
 t2 dt
Solution
t
dt 
1
u
1   t 2 
e
t

=  e du
du 1 u
then  2
dt t
dt = e  c u
or du 
2 1
t
= e  c t
164
Example 2 Find  tan x dx
Solution  tan x dx
sin x
Let :
 dx
u = cos x cos x
du = – sin x dx 1
– du = sin x dx    du 
u
  ln u  c
  ln cos x  c 165
Example 3 Find
2x
3
2x  6 e

x
(a)  dx (b)  dx (c) dx
3 x 2
2 ( x  3) 6
1 e x
Solution
x3 2
x x
(a) 3 x 2
2
dx 
3 dx
x 2
2
2
u x 2 2 1
 
x
 x dx 
du  2 xdx 3 x 2
2
1 ( u  2)  du 
   
3 u  2  166
1 ( u  2)
  du
6 u
1  1

1

   u 2  2u 2  du
6  
 32 1 
1  2u
  4u 2   c
6  3 

 
 2 3 1

 ( x  2 ) 2
2( x 2
 2) 2 c
 
 
 9 3 
 
167
Solution u  x 3
2x  6 x 3 du  dx
(b)
 ( x  3)6 dx  2 ( x  3)6 dx
u6
 2  6 du
u
 1 6 
 2  5  6  du
u u 
 1 6 
 2  4  5   c
 4u 5u 
 1 12 
   5 
c
 2( x  3) 5( x  3) 
4
168
Solution METHOD 1 u  1 e x
2x
e e x x du
(c) e e
 1 e
x
 1 e x dx  x
dx dx
u 1
 du
u
 1
  1   du
 u
 u  ln u  c
 (1  e )  ln 1  e  c
x x
169
METHOD 2 u 1
 1
2x u  du  2 1 u 1 u
e 
 1 e x
(c)
dx 
1 u  u 
u
ue x  du
du
1  u USE LONG DIVISION
 ex  u
 1 
dx   1   du
 1 u 
 u  ln 1  u  c
 e  ln 1  e  c
x x
170
conclusion
 
n n
sin ax dx or cos ax dx
When n = 2 or n = 4 : Use Double Angle Formula.

When n = 3 or n = 5 : Rewrite the integrand ,
use substitution and integrate with respect to u.
 sin ax dx  u  cos ax
n
  
n
cos ax dx u sin ax
171
 sin ax cos bx dx ; m , n  5
n m
1. When a = b , n = even , m = even :

Use Double Angle Formula .
2. When a = b , n = even , m = odd :
Rewrite the integrand and use sub.
u = sin ax. Integrate w.r.t u.
3. When a = b , n = odd , m = even :
Rewrite the integrand and use sub.
u = cos ax. Integrate w.r.t u.
172
4. When a = b , n = odd , m = odd :
Rewrite the integrand and use substitution
u = cos ax or u = sin ax. Integrate w.r.t u.
5. When a  b , n = 1 and m = 1:
Rewrite the integrand by using the
FACTOR FORMULAE.
6. When a = b , n = 1 and m = 1:
 sin ax cos bxdx

n m
Use double angle formula
NOTE: sin (-ax) = - sin ax , cos (-ax) = cos (ax)
173
(b) Integration (By Parts Technique)
 u dv = uv -  v du
We need to make a judicious choice of u and dv to
make the right-hand side of the integration by parts
rule becomes the one you know how to integrate
Try this……. LoPet Lo – Logarithm

P – Polynomial
E – Exponential
T – Trigonometric
174
Example 1

x
Find x 2 dx
Solution :
Let u = x and dv  2 dx
x
du  dx 2 x
v
ln 2
x x

2 2
 x 2 dx 
x
x   dx
ln 2 ln 2
175
x
2 1
 x  
x
2 dx
ln 2 ln 2
x x
x2 2
  2
c
ln 2 (ln 2)
176
(c) Integration of rational functions by using
partial fractions
FRACTIONS
Power: f (x) < g(x)
(Not Included)
Long Division
Check the factors
177
Function Partial Fractions
x A B

(x  1)(x  2) x1 x 2
2 A B C
 
x(x  1) 2
x x1 (x  1) 2
x2 A Bx  C
 2
x(x2  x  1 ) x (x  x  1)
NOTE : The constants A, B and so on can be
determined by substituting the suitable values for x or
by comparing the coefficients.
178
Example 1 By substituting u  1  x , find
2
1
 x 1  x dx
Solution :
1
 x 1  x dx u  1 x
2
1
 2 2udu 2udu  dx
( u  1)u
2
  2 du
u 1 x  u 1 2
2
 du
 u  1 u  1 KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 179
Partial Fractions : 1 1 1 1 
   
(u  1)(u  1) 2  u  1 u  1 
1  1 1 
 2      du
 2   u 1 u 1 
  ln u  1  ln u  1   c
 u 1 
  ln c Substitute :
 u 1 
 1  x 1  u  1 x
  ln c
 1  x  1 

180
[PSPM 2013 – 12M]
Express
7 x  3x  2
2
x  1 x  2
2
as a partial fractions. Hence, evaluate
7 x  3x  2
4 2
 x  1 x  2 dx
3
2
181
2 TYPES OF INTEGRAL
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
 f ( x) dx
 f ( x) dx
 F ( x)  c a
 F (b)  F (a )
182
Properties of definite integral
If f(x) and g(x) is continuous on
[ a , b ] then:
b
(a)  a
b
  f ( x)  g ( x) dx 
b b
(b) f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a
b a
b
(c)  a
a
183
a
(d)  f ( x)dx  0
a
c b c
(e)  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a a b
where a  b  c
b
a
b a
(g)  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
a b
184
Example 1 3 3x  1
Evaluate
0
x 1
dx
Solution
Let u = x +1, du = dx
3 3x  1
 0
x 1
dx when x = 3, u = 4
when x = 0, u = 1
4 3(u  1)  1 4
 du  3
 1
1
u   2u  4u 
2 2
1 1  1
 16  8  (2  4)  10
4
  3u  2u du 2 2
1
185
Example 2
18  4 x  x
1 2
7 3
Show that  dx  ln 2 
0
(4  3x)(1  x) 2
3 2
Solution
18  4 x  x
1 2 1
A B C
0 (4  3x)(1  x)2 dx  0 4  3x  1  x  (1  x)2 dx
By using partial fraction method, we
found that A = 2 , B = 1, C = 3
1
2 1 3
   dx
0
4  3x 1  x (1  x) 2
186
1
2 1 3
   dx
0
4  3x 1  x (1  x) 2
1
 2 3 
   ln 4  3x  ln 1  x  
 3 1  x 0
 2 3 
   ln 4  3  ln 1  1   
 3 11 
 2 3 
  3 ln 4  ln 1  0  1  0 
 
187
18  4 x  x
1 2
3 2
 dx  ln 2   ln 4  3
0
(4  3x)(1  x) 2
2 3
2 3
 ln 2  ln 2 
2
3 2
7 3
 ln 2 
3 2
188
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
VOLUME OF
AREA OF SOLID OF
A REGION REVOLUTION
(a) AREA OF A REGION

conclusion
b
y y= f(x)
Area   y dx
a
x=a x=b x
b y
x
Area  
a
y dx x=a x=b
y=f(x) 189
conclusion
y x=f(y)
d y=d
Area   x dy
c
y=c
x
y
y=e
x=f(y)
e d
Area   x dy   x dy x
d c y=d
y=c
190
conclusion
y
Area    f ( x)  g ( x) dx
b
y=f(x)
R
a
y=g(x)
x
x=a x=b
y x=f(y)
d y=d
Area   f ( y )  g( y ) dy x=g(y) R
c
x
y=c
191
Example 1
Find the area of the region enclosed by the
1
curve y 2 , and the lines y=x , x=0, y=4 .
x
Solution : y
y=x
Note: y=4
The boundary of region R
changes from y=0 to y=4. R1 1
y 2
Therefore we need to R2 x
partition the region into
subregions R1 and R2 . y=0 x
192
Find the intersection point between y = x and
the curve.
1
2
 x, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
x 1
x 1
3
1 1 2
y  2  x   
1
x y
4 1
4
1 4 
y
2
Area R1   x dy     dy  2
dy
1
1
y 1
4
  1
  2y   22  1  2 unit
2 2
 1
193
1
Area R 2   y dy
0
1
y  2
1
  
 2 0 2
Area  Area R1  Area R 2
1 5
 2  unit 2
2 2
194
Example 2
Solution :
STRATEGIES:
1) Integrate the curve with x-
axis (to find the total area
under the curve)
2) Find the boundary on the x-
axis (by substituting the
y=4 value of y given)
3) Take away the ‘rectangular
part’, so that the shaded
region will remain.
195
When y = 7, then
Area of
rectangular part
7  ex  4 from the curve
ex  3
x  ln 3
ln 3
Area of shaded region,
A   4 dx   4ln 3
x
e
0
ln 3
A  e  4 x  0  4ln 3
x
A  eln 3  4ln 3  1  0   4ln 3

A  3 1
A  2 unit 2
196
(b) VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION
conclusion
Volume(V )     y  dx
b 2
b
Revolve 360 a 0
V    ( y 1  y 2 ) dx about x-axis
2 2
Volume(V )     x  dy
d 2
c Revolve 360 0
 dy
d
about y-axis
V    x1  x 2
2 2
c
197
Example 1
The curve y  x , the line x=2, and the x-axis
formed the sides of a bounded region R. Find the
volume of the solid generated by revolving region
R through 360o about the x-axis .
Solution :
y x
on the x – axis.
0
x 0
x=2
x0
198
Solution :
 V    xdx
2
Volume(V )
0
  y  dx
b
 
2 2
a x  2
  
 
2
 x  dx
2
 2 0
 2  0
0
2
  xdx
0  2 unit 3
199
Example 2
revolving the region bounded by the graph of
f(x)=x3, y=8 and x=0 about the y-axis through 360o.
Solution : y=x3
g( y)  3 y
8

on the y – axis.
3 y 0 0
y0
200
Solution :  23 
 V  
8
 y dy
 
 
0
Volume(V ) 8
 5

    g ( y )  dy  
d 2 3y 3

c  5 
  0
 
8
0
 y  dy
3
2
 5

  0
3
3(8)
 2
 
 5 
    y
8
3 dy  

 
0
96
 unit 3
5
201
Example 3
 2x 2 if 0  x  2
Given f (x)  
3x  2 if x  2
a) Sketch the graph of f(x).
b) Find the area of the region bounded by the
graph of f(x) , x-axis and the line x = 3
c) The region in part (b) is rotated about the x-axis
through 360o. Find the volume of the solid
formed.
202
2𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Solution : 𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ
3𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
y  2 x2 y  3x  2
Find the points at x = 0 and Find the points at x = 2 and
x=2 x=2
when x = 0, y = 0 when x = 2, y = 8
when x = 2, y = 8 when x = 3, y = 11
Y
a)
8
0 X
2 3 203
2 3
 dx   3x  2 dx
2
b) Area = 2 x
0 2
3 2 3
 2x   3x 
2
      2x 
 3 0  2 2
 2(2)    3(3)   3(2) 
2
3 2 2
     2(3)     2(2)  
 3   2 0   2 
89
 unit 2
204
 2x  dx
2 3
 3x  2
2 2
c) Volume =  
2
dx
0 2
2
 4x 5
 3
      ( 9x 2  12x  4) dx

 5 0 2
2
 4x 
 
5
    
3
 3x  6x  4x 2
3 2
 5 0
128 583
  91    unit 3
5 5
205
More general solids of revolution
a) Revolve about x – axis
y 1 = f (x ) and y 2 = g (x ) are nonnegative

continuous function such that , f (x ) ≥ g (x )
for a ≤ x ≤ b
Let R be the region enclosed between the

two graphs and the lines x = a and x = b .
When this region is revolved about

the x - axis , it generates a solid .
206
b
V    ( y 1  y 2 ) dx
2 2
a
y y1 = f(x)
y2 = g(x)
a b x
207
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 207
Example 4
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region bounded by the lin y = x + 2 and the
parabola y = x 2 about the x-axis through 360o .
Solution :
Draw the region R .Find the
When x = – 1 , y = 1
points of intersection
When x = 2 , y = 4
of the line and parabola.
about the x – axis.
x+2=x2
x2 – x – 2 = 0 The curves intersect
( x + 1 ) (x – 2 ) = 0 at (– 1 ,1 ) and (2, 4 ),
x=–1 ,x=2 KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 208
Solution : The curves intersect
at (– 1 ,1 ) and (2, 4 ),
y
y1
y2
-1 2 x
209
y1 ≥ y 2
y1 = x + 2
2
V   ( y1  y2 ) dx
2 y2 = x 2
π b
a
2
 π  [ (x 2 )  (x ) ] dx
2 2 2
-1
2
 (x  2 ) x  3 5
 π   
 3 5  1
 64 32  1 1 
       
 3 5  3 5 
72
 unit 3
5
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 210
b) Revolve about y - axis
x1 = f(y) and x 2 = g(y) are nonnegative

continuous functions such that,
f(y ) ≥ g(y) for c ≤ y ≤ d
Let R be the region enclosed between the

two graphs and the lines y = c and y = d.
When this region is revolved about the y -

axis, it generates a solid.
211
211
y
d
x2 =g(y)
f(y) = x1
c
x
 dy
d
V    x1  x 2
2 2
The volume of the solid is
c
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 212
Example 5
Find the volume of the solid generated when the region
bounded by y 2 = 4x and y = 2x - 4 is revolved
completely about the y- axis .
Solution :
Solve y = 2x – 4 and When y = 4, x = 4
y2 = 4x simultaneously When y = -2, x = 1
y 2 – 2y – 8 = 0 Thus, the curves

(y–4)(y+2)=0 intersect at ( 4 , 4 )
y = 4 or y = - 2 and ( 1, -2 ), as shown
in figure below. 213
Solution :
Thus, the curves intersect at ( 4 , 4 )
and ( 1, -2 ), as shown in figure
below.
y
4 x2
x1
x
-2
214
Write the curves in the form of x = g ( y ) ,
as we revolved about the y - axis .
y4 y2
x1  , x2 
2 4
4  y  4  2  y 2  2 
V = 
2
  
 2   4  
  dy
1 1 4
4
  4  y  4   16 y  dy
2
 
2  
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 215
4
 1 1 5
 y  4  y 
3
  
 12 80   2
  128 64   2 2  
         
  3 5   3 5 
144
 unit 3
216
Example 6
Find the volume of the solid generated when
the region bounded by 4y = x2 and line y = x
is revolved about the
(a) x-axis (b) y- axis
Solution :
Solve y = x and 4y = x2 simultaneously
4x = x 2 when x = 0, y = 0
x2 – 4x = 0 when x = 4, y = 4
x (x – 4 ) = 0 The curves intersect
x=0,x=4 at (0 ,0 ) and (4, 4 ),
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 217
Solution :
y
0 x
(a) Revolve about x - axis

4  x 2 2
V    x     dx
2
0   4   218
4
 2 x4 
  
0
 x   dx
 16 
4
 x x 
3 5
    
 3 80  0
 64 1024 
   - 
 3 80 
128
 unit 3
15
219
219
(b) Revolve about y - axis
    64 
4
V   4 y 2   y 2  dy
     32 - 
0  3
 4 y  y  dy
4
  2 32
 unit 3
0 3
4
 y  3
   2y  
2
 3 0
220
220

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STUDENT’S COPY

“the indefinite integral of f(x)

Show that F(x) is anti derivative

F(x) is anti derivative of f(x)

1. k dx  kx  c where k , c are constants

Find the following integrals

Example 4 Find the following integrals :

At the end of this lesson, students should

At the end of this lesson ,students should

(c) find the integral by integration by

(b) Integration by parts

(c) Partial fractions

Step 1 : Substitute u = g(x)  du = g’(x) dx

Solution  (3x  5) x  1dx

Suppose u and v are differentiable

d(uv ) dv du …………. (1)

This formula is called

In using the formula of integration

Try this……. LoPet Lo – Logarithm

 uv   vdu This function

 3x  1ln xdx Simplify

At the end of this lesson,

(a) solve the integral of a rational

At the end of this lesson, students

Check the factors

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL DEFINITE INTEGRAL

If f(x) and g(x) is continuous on [ a , b ]

Choose u = x and dv = e-x dx

If f(x) and g(x) is continuous on [ a , b ]

Check the factors

1.4 Definite Integrals

At the end of this lesson, students

(a) determine the area of a region

As n   , x  0 AREA  li m  f ( x i )x   f ( x )dx

Sketch the area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 1

Find the area of the bounded region :

Area  Area R1  Area R2

Volume (V)   y  dx

When the region in the x-y plane is

Find the intersection points

Volume of a solid of revolution

The volume of the solid generated by revolving

Volume (V)   x dy

When the region in the x-y plane is

2. Calculate the volume generated when the finite region

 f ' ( x) f ( x) dx  c

Find the integral of the following functions.

(a)  sin 3x cos x dx a=3,b=1

(b)  cos 6 x cos 4 x dx a=6,b=4

  sin x(1  sin x) cos x dx

Determine  cot 2 sin 2 d

(2) Integration by parts

(3) Partial fractions

Step 1 : Substitute u = g(x)  du = g’(x) dx

When n = 2 or n = 4 : Use Double Angle Formula.

1. When a = b , n = even , m = even :

 sin ax cos bxdx

Use double angle formula

NOTE: sin (-ax) = - sin ax , cos (-ax) = cos (ax)

Try this……. LoPet Lo – Logarithm

Check the factors

as a partial fractions. Hence, evaluate

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL DEFINITE INTEGRAL