CHAPTER 3

APPROACHES TO
TOURISM PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
Tourism Platforms
Advocacy Platform-sees tourism as a good thing
-can generate employment, modernization

-can uplift the conditions of the poor

-is a “clean industry” because it does not pollute

the air

-related to modernization and trickle-down theory

Cautionary Platform
-views tourism as a bad thing

-creates dependencies and leakages that sap the

country’s wealth

-loss of cultural traditions

-exploitations of poor, women, children and

minorities
-tourism jobs are low-paying and seasonal

-tourism pollutes and contributes to biodiversity

loss

-related to dependency theory and Irritation Index

Model
Adaptancy Platform
-mass tourism has negative impacts but can be
minimized or avoided with “alternative tourism”

-oriented to the environment

-ecotourism, soft tourism, green tourism

-socially oriented tourism

-altruistic tourism, volunteer tourism, just tourism,
accesible tourism, ethnic tourism, pro-poor tourism, and
fair trade tourism
Knowledge-based Platform
-views tourism from a holistic perspective and not
only on impacts and forms

-supports a critical analysis of tourism and is not

inclined to labeling certain forms of tourism

-sustainable tourism development concept,

conforms to knowledge-based platform
Social Justice Platform
- “participatory processes involving open
dialogue; inclusivity, resource distribution, equity,
equality, pro-poor planning; gender sensitivity;
responsiveness to diversity”
-To be an agent of positive “agent of social
change”
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
Advocacy Theories

Laissez Faire Theory- French for “leave it be”

-also known as liberel economic theory

The government does not intervene in terms of

policy, plans, regulations, guidelines, codes, or
standards
Modernization Theory
-assumes that tourism contributes to the
economic progress and transformation of
“traditional” societies into modern ones

-can lead to destruction of heritage-rich places or

old buildings in favor of “modern” structures
Trickle-down Theory
-assumes that any form of economic growth will
lead to the improvement of the living conditions of
all

-related to concept of multiplier effect, where the

value of the original tourist expenditure seems to
become greater as the money passes hands among
the different sectors of the economy
Neoliberal Theory
-economy functions best when there is minimal
government intervention

-manifest in the deregulation of the Philippine

airline industry and the privatization of
government-controlled tourism assets
 Cautionary Theories
Dependency Theory- tourism can actually worsen
the plight of “Third World” countries because the
“First World” countries exploit and siphon off the
resources of the latter

-regard international tourism as a form of

modern-day colonialism
Irridex Model
-Doxey’s Irritation Model

-residents’ attitudes toward tourism will

deteriorate over the destination life cycle as the
negative consequences of tourism intensify

-planners must incorporate measures to prevent

undue stress on the host residents brought about
the influx of tourists
Approaches to Tourism Planning and
Development
No Planning -may not br seen as necessary when
the place has underdeveloped supply and demand

-there may be a felt need to plan but a destination

or local government unit may not have the
capacity in terms of planning skills or budget
Ad-hoc Planning
-planning only when needed

-planning driven by issues that emerge from time

to time and the search for solutions to those issues
Integrated Tourism Planning
-tourism must be compatible with existing
economic activities and the values of the local
residents
Boosterist Approach
-sees tourism as a positive force for economic
development

-may be product-led or market-led, State-led,

industry-led or a shared enterprise between the
public and private sector
Product-led Development
-suggests that the key to successful tourism
program is to provide infrastracture, facilities, and
amenities to tourists
Spatial Planning Approach
-a type of product-led tourism planning,but on a
wider scale

-it is focused on “destination layout and design”

Demand-led Approach
-“know the customer and satisfy them”

-satisfaction leads to repeat visits or positive

word-of –mouth which will generate even bigger
number of arrivals
Bureaucratic/Government-led
Approach
-puts the government at the center of planning
and development

-divided into two types: Central Planning

Approach and Devolved Planning Approach
Middle Path Approach
-strict controls are imposed on the types and
volume of tourism to maximize revenue but
minimize the adverse effect effects of tourism
religion, culture and the environment
Environmental Approach
-works best when the place being develop is
endowed with natural attractions

-carrying capacity is the most imp0rtant concept

Ecotourism Approach
-emphasizes the environmental and cultural
dimensions of sustainability
Social Approach
-directing the benefit and control of resources
toward the community
Participatory/Stakeholder Approach
-puts people at the center of the planning process

-approach in which each relevant stakeholder has

a say in the deliberation and decision-making
process
Community-based Tourism
- “tourism that is owned and/or managed by
communities and intended to deliver wider
community benefit”
Pro-poor Approach
-“tourism that generates net benefits for the poor”

-“the needs of the poor are prioritized over

externally-oriented growth imperatives”
Fair Trade Approach
-“response to the failure of conventional trade to
deliver sustainable livelihoods and development
opportunities to people in the poorest countries of
the world”
Sustainable Tourism Approach
-tourism should be developed without damaging
or exhausting finite natural or cultural resources
so that those who will come after us may also have
the opportunity to enjoy them
Goals of Sustainable Tourism
-economic viability -community well-being

-local prosperity -cultural richness

-employment quality -physical integrity

-social equity -biological diversity

-visitor fulfillment -resource efficiency

-local control -environmental purity

Principles and Strategies of
Sustainable Tourism
Setting the Course Planning Processes

Developing the Approach Tourism Development

Ensuring Ongoing Progress

Planning Policy Directions

Tourism Planning Needs

 Prepared by:

Jesus Emmanuel Husmillo

Sarah Gesulga
Bernard Platon