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What Is Plate Tectonics?
From the deepest ocean trench to the
tallest mountain, plate tectonics explains
the features and movement of Earth's
surface in the present and the past.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's
outer shell is divided into several plates
that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner
layer above the core
The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to
Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the
lithosphere, which is 100 km (60 miles) thick, according to
Encyclopedia Britannica. The lithosphere includes the
crust and outer part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere is
the asthenosphere, which is malleable or partially
malleable, allowing the lithosphere to move around. How it
moves around is an evolving idea.
History
Developed from the 1950s through the 1970s, plate
tectonics is the modern version of continental drift, a
theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912.
Wegener didn't have an explanation for how continents
could move around the planet, but researchers do now.
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of geology, said
Nicholas van der Elst, a seismologist at Columbia
University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in
Palisades, New York.
"Before plate tectonics, people had to come up with
explanations of the geologic features in their region that
were unique to that particular region," Van der Elst said.
"Plate tectonics unified all these descriptions and said that
you should be able to describe all geologic features as
though driven by the relative motion of these tectonic
plates."
How many plates are there?
There are nine major plates, according to World
Atlas. These plates are named after the
landforms found on them. The nine major plates
are North American, Pacific, Eurasian, African,
Indo-Australian, Australian, Indian, South
American and Antarctic.
The largest plate is the Pacific Plate at 39,768,522
square miles (103,000,000 square kilometers). Most
of it is located under the ocean. It is moving
northwest at a speed of around 2.75 inches (7 cm) per
year.

There are also many smaller plates throughout the

world.
How plate tectonics works
The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in
the mantle. Hot material near the Earth's core rises, and
colder mantle rock sinks. "It's kind of like a pot boiling on a
stove," Van der Elst said. The convection drive plates
tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading
apart at mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking
downward at subduction zones, researchers think.
Scientists continue to study and debate the mechanisms
that move the plates.
Mid-ocean ridges are gaps between tectonic plates that
mantle the Earth like seams on a baseball. Hot magma
wells up at the ridges, forming new ocean crust and
shoving the plates apart. At subduction zones, two tectonic
plates meet and one slides beneath the other back into the
mantle, the layer underneath the crust. The cold, sinking
plate pulls the crust behind it downward.
Many spectacular volcanoes are found
along subduction zones, such as the
"Ring of Fire" that surrounds the Pacific
Ocean.
Plate boundaries
Subduction zones, or convergent margins, are one of
the three types of plate boundaries. The others are
divergent and transform margins.

At a divergent margin, two plates are spreading

apart, as at seafloor-spreading ridges or
continental rift zones such as the East Africa Rift.
Transform margins mark slip-sliding plates, such as
California's San Andreas Fault, where the North
America and Pacific plates grind past each other
with a mostly horizontal motion.
1. Which of the above boundaries can
produce earthquakes?
2. Which produces the largest
earthquakes?
At convergent plate boundaries, where two
continental plates collide earthquakes are
deep and also very powerful. In general, the
deepest and the most powerful
earthquakes occur at plate collision (or
subduction) zones at convergent plate
boundaries.
2. Which of the above boundaries can
produce volcanoes?
There are three main places where
volcanoes originate: Hot spots,
Divergent plate boundaries (such as
rifts and mid-ocean ridges), and.
Convergent plate boundaries
(subduction zones)
3. At which of the above boundaries is
sea floor created?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain
chain on Earth. These ridges are spreading
centers or divergent plate boundaries where
the upwelling of magma from the mantle
creates new ocean floor. Deep-sea trenches are
long, narrow basins which extend 8-11 km below
sea level.
4. At which of the above boundaries is
sea floor destroyed?
Seafloor spreading is when the sea floor
spreads apart. This occurs at Divergent
Boundaries. At which type of boundary is
seafloor destroyed? The seafloor is
destroyed at a Convergent Boundary.
5. What are the three sub-types of
convergent plate boundaries?
There are three types of convergent
boundaries each with its own
consequences.
Oceanic-Continental Convergence.
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence.
Continental-Continental Convergence.
6. What is the most studied transform
fault in the world?
The most studied transform fault in the
world is the San Andreas Fault, which is
located in western California.