Diversity Among

Animals
Presented By
Haseeb ul hassan
Lecturer in BIOLOGY
 Phylum Porifera
sponges
• Asymmetrical
• 2 layers diplobastic
• Ectoderm or Dermal or Pinacoderm
• Endoderm or Choanoderm
• The cells of Endoderm are made up of Chanocytes, Gelatinous
Layer called mesoglea.

• Many pores are present in the body wall called ostia

• The water comes out from through aperture called osculum
• No respiratory, Nervous system Excretory and circulatory System
• Niddle like structure of skeleton are present
• Reproduction both by mean of sexual and A sexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction may be hermaphrodite or may be separate
sexes
 CLASSES OF SPONGES

• Class Calcarea – has calcium carbonate spicules

• Class Hexactinellida – glass sponges with spicules of silica
• Class Demospongiae – no spicules, only spongin
SPONGE ANATOMY
Barrel sponge
Vase sponge
Tube sponge
Venus Flower Basket
 Phylum Cnidaria
COELENTERATA

• SPECIAL cells called Cnidocytes (ni-dahree-ah)

• 10000 species
• Marine and fresh water
• Microscopic to macroscopic (Hydra to Branchioceranthus)
• Two forms Polyps and medusa
• Polyps are cylindrical in shape called Gastro zooids
• Medusae are umbrella in shape
• Radially symmetrical , diploblastic,
• Incomplete digestive system ,cavity is called coelentron or
enteron or gastrovascular cavity
Nematocyst are organ for offence and defence
Carnivores, 2 Types of digestion extracellular and intracellular
• free living and motile Jelly Fish few are sessile Hydra
Obelia etc
• well define nervous system for the first time
• Reproduce both sexually and A sexually
• Polymorphism
• The occurrence of structurally and functionally more than
2 different types of individual is called polymorphism
• Individual in colony is called zooid
• 3 different types of zooids
• Gastrozooids feeding zooids
• Gano zooids reproduce asexually
• Medusae these are free living and reproduce sexually
• No respiratory and excretory system is present
 CLASSES OF CNIDARIANS
• Class Hydrozoa – Hydra, Portuguese-Man-of-War, Obelia;
mostly polyp or hydroid stage
• Class Scyphozoa – true jellyfishes; mostly medusa stage
• Class Anthozoa – corals, anemones
• Class Cubozoa – box jellies
CLASS HYDROZOA

Hydra
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
Moon jelly
CLASS ANTHOZOA
Sea anemone
Aggregating anemones
Anemone
Coral polyps
Coral reef
CLASS CUBOZOA
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms (Bilateria)
• Fresh and marine water
• Platy means Flat helminth worm
• Planaria 10mm tapeworm 16
• Bilaterally symmetry
• Triploblastic
• No body cavity hence they are Acoelomate
• Cilia help in locomotion
• Poorly developed in some spieces (Class trematoda) or may be
absent Class Cestoda, branch like Digestive system in Planaria
• Well defined excretory system called flame Cells
• NO respiratory and circulatory system
• Well developed nervous system
• Both sexually and A sexually
 CLASSES OF FLATWORMS
• Class Turbellaria – free-living flatworms

• Class Cestoda – tapeworms

• Class Trematoda - flukes

Flatworm
Flatworm
Flatworm
Tapeworm head (scolex)
Liver fluke
 Phylum Annelida
segmented worms
• First true coelomates
• Triploblastic
• Bilateral symmetry
• Body covered with cuticle
• Segmented body (the linear repetition of body parts in each
and every segment is called metameric segmentation and the
Phenomenon is called metamerism
• Complete digestive system
• Respiratory is absent ( cutaneous respiration)
• Closed circulatory system
• Well developed nervous system
• Excretion by nephridia
• The organs of locomotion in annelid are setae or parapodia (neries)
• Both type of reproduction is present
 CLASSES OF ANNELIDS

• Class Oligochaeta – earthworms, bloodworms; oligo-

means “few” and chaeta means a “bristle” or stout hair
• Class Polychaeta – many bristles and parapodia (fleshly
lobes to “walk” with
• Class Hirudinea – leeches (most are NOT bloodsuckers)
Christmas tree worm
Feather-duster worm
Fireworm
Nereis – a polychaete
Oligochaete
Leech
 Phylum Mollusca-
soft bodied animals
• Latin word mollis or Mulluscus means soft
• 80000 spp, Body is soft and Unsegmented
• Fresh and marine water or terrestrial (snail)
• Triploblastic
• 4 regions head ,ventral muscular foot ,dorsal and mantle
• Bilaterially symmetry
• Complete digestive system
• Paired nepheria for excretory
• Open circulatory system,
• Nervous system, consists of 3 pairs of ganglia
• Body is covered by a hard protective structure know as shell it
gives protection and proper shape
• sexes may be separate or me be united
• Fertilization me be external or internal
 CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS
• Class Gastropoda – snails, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs;
have either no shell or one shell; name means “stomach
foot”
• Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters, mussels; have two
shells that hinge together
• Class Polyplacophora – chitons; snail-like with 8
embedded plates on its back
• Class Cephalopoda – squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish;
name means “head foot”; well-developed nervous
system
Nudibranch
Nudibranch
Nudibranch
Chiton
Chiton
Reef Squid
Cuttlefish
Blue-ring octopus
Chambered nautilus
Triton shell
Oyster on half-shell
(needs Tabasco)
Scallop
 Phylum Arthropoda –
• Arthropoda arthros joined and podes foot or legs
• Van Siebold in 1845
• Most successful group
• 1 billion spp of arthropoda
• Metamerically segment
• Body divison head , thorax abdomen
• Triploblastic
• Bilaterially symmetrical
• Coelom is true known as haemocoeal filled with the blood or haemolymph
• Skeleton is in the form of a outer covering called chitin exoskeleton
provides protection and it is non living it is thrown periodically during
growth new skeleton will be formed and this process is called ecdysis
• Crwal or fly depending upon the habitat
• Complete digestive system
Excretory organ are malpighian tubules uric acid is the end product of the
arthropoda
Respiratory system may be in the form of air tubes called trachea
Aquatic respires from gills
Open circulatory system is present
Nervous system is highly developed consists of pair of ganglia in the head
region
Fertilization is internal
Development is from larval to pupal stage
 CLASSES OF ARTHROPODS
• Class Crustacea – shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crawfishes
• Class Amphipoda – small; called scuds
• Class Isopoda – sea lice; some are parasitic
• Class Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps
• Class Pycnogonida – sea spiders
• Class Merostomata – horseshoe crabs
• Class Cirripedia - barnacles
Bulldozer larva - Crustacea
Bulldozer
Cleaner shrimp
Crustacea
Spider crab
Crustacea
Crab zoea
crustacea
Crab megalops
Stone crab
Hermit crab - crustacea
Amphipoda
Parasitic
isopod
Sea spider- Pycnogonida
 Phylum Echinodermata –
• Echino means spiny or derma mean skin
• Spiny skinned animals named given by klein 1734
• Marine and found in shallow sea water
• May be flattened, like biscuits e.g Urchin
• Star shaped e.g Urchin
• Star shaped with long arms e.g britlle star
• Bilateral symmetry adult have radial symmetry
• Coelomate ,
• The most unique character is the presence of water vascular system,
tubes and space are present water circulate through these tubes
• Locomotion take place by means of tube feet
• They feed on mulluscs
• Digestive tract is usually, coiled tube mouth is at lower and anus is on
upper
• Respiration occurs by peristomical gills (sea urchin)
• Papillae (starfish) genital bursae ( brittle star) cloacal
respiration tract (sea urchin)
• Nervous system is primitive concentrated to the radial ganglia
• Circulatory system is poorly developed
• Ability to form lost organ is the key character of this phylum
• Sexes are separate, fertilization is external, the larval such as
binpinnaria and brachiolaria are complex
• Amoebocytes absorb waste material and then goes out of the
body through rectal cecae
CLASSES OF ECHINODERMS
• Class Asteroidea – sea stars
• Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars, serpent
stars
• Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand
dollars
• Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
• Class Crinoidea – sea lilies, feather stars
Sea star - Asteroidea
Bat star -
Asteroidea
Pycnopodia - Asteroidea
Brittle star - Ophiuroidea
Sea urchin - Echinoidea
Purple urchins
Echinoidea
Sand dollar - Echinoidea
Sea cucumber
Holothuroidea
Feather star - Crinoidea
 Phylum hemi Chordata
• Body is soft and worm like
• 3 regions protosome mesosoma and metasoma
• Digestive system is complete
• Circulatory system is composed of dorsal and ventral vessels
• Notochord is absent
• Phylum chordata
• Following are the general characteristics
• Chord mean thread, or rope
• 3 basic characters are
• A dorsal stiff rod is found in all chordates notochord in higher it
replaced by vertebral column
all chordates posses hollow central tubule
Gill slits at embryonic development later on it become non functional
while in other it is still functional
 CHORDATE CLASSIFICATION
• The sub phylum Protochordates - invertebrate chordates
• Do not posses skull, they known as lower chordates,
• Subphylum Urochordata – notochord is present only in larvae
and absent in adult, sea squirts, salps, and ascidians
• Subphylum Cephalochordata –
• Well developed notochord
• True Chordates:
• Subphylum Vertebrata
 SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
• Class Agnatha – jawless fishes; lampreys and
hagfishes
• Class Chondrichthys – cartilaginous fishes;
sharks, rays, skates, chimeras
• Class Osteichthys – boney fishes
• Class Amphibia – frogs, salamanders
• Class Reptila – turtles, snakes, lizards, and
crocodilians
• Class Aves – birds
• Class Mammalia - mammals
 Class pieces
• May be marine and fresh water
• 48% of the total vertebrata
• 29000 spp of fishes
• Piokilotherm, respiration by mean gills (outgrowth of pharynx)
• Or thorugh lungs
• Swimm bladders
• Dermal scales
 Classification
• Class pieces is divided into 5 classes
• Sub class cyclostomata or agantha
• Sub class chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes )
• Sub class osteichthyes (bony fishes)
• CARTILIGINOUS FISHES
• Cartilage
• Placoid scales
• swim or air bladder is absent
• Fertilization is internal and sexes are separate
• Respiration by mean of gills
• Shark, rays etc
 BONY FISHES

• Skeleton is bony
• Marine and fresh water
• Swim bladder is present, used in buoyancy
• Gills opening are covered by lid like operculum
• Sexes are separate, 2 chambered heart
• Median dorsal anal and caudal fin and paired fins i.e pectoral
and pelvic fins
Tiger shark - Chondrichthys
Electric ray - Chondrichthys
Stingray - Chondrichthys
Manta ray - Chondrichthys
 Class Amphibia
• Amphi dual and bio mean life
• They are in between fishes and and reptiles
• 42000,
• They are cold blooded vertebrates breath through gills in
larval stage and lungs In adult
• 3 chambered heart
• Hibernation(during extream environment )
• Fertilization is external
• Skin is smoth and moist with many glands
• Salamander, frog, toads,
Bullfrog - Amphibia
 Class Reptilila
• Reptum means to creep or crawl
• 7000 spp today,
• Cold blooded
• Horny scales bilaterally symmetrical
• No cutaneous gland
• Skin is dry
• Imperfectly four chambers
• Respiration by lungs
• Endoskeleton is bony in the form of nails epidermal scales and
digits with claws
• Sexes are separate , male with muscular coupulatory organ
• All reptiles are carnovores
• Pentadactyle (having five fingers)
• Amnion outer covering of embryo
• No larva stage
• Young one hatch out fully formed from egg
• They are uricotelic
• Once they dominated and so called age of reptiles
• Alligator , crocodile, uromastix, snake , turtle
Green sea turtle Reptila
 Class Aves (birds)
• Warm blooded animals,
• Body is divided into 4 regions
• Fore limbs modified into wings hind limbs are used for
walking ,it bear 4 toes with claws
• Body is covered with feather
• Beak with no teeth
• Brest bone is broad
• High behavior in the form of nest building courtship, pariental,
and migration
• 4 chambered heart, no urinary bladder, uric acid is the end
product
• Nictiating membrane ,used for cleaning of eye ball
• Fertilization is internal
 Archaeopteryx
AVES characters
• It has both the characters of reptiles and birds
• Well developed feathers
• Forelimbs modified in to flying
• Tail with 2 rows of feathers
• REPTILITIAN characters
• Presence of scales on the legs
• jaws with teeth
• Nine to ten cervical vertebrate
• A long tapering lizard like tail consists of 20 caudal vertebrae
 Types of birds
1. Flightless birds
2. Flying birds
Flying birds are those which do not fly in the air .they are called
running birds
Kivi ,penguin, ostrich
Flying birds are the birds with strong wings for flight and keeled
sternum
Pigeon , sparrow, parrot, eagle
Osprey - Aves
 Class Mammalia
• The term was given by Linnaeus to the group of animals
which are nourished by milk from the breast of mother
• It is believed to be evolved from reptiles
• Dominated in Cenozoic period
• Mammals mostly have hairs on the body
• External ear is present is present called pinna
• 4 chambered heart , warm blooded animals
• Well developed voice apparatus
• Viviparous
• Testes lie outside the body
• Fertilization is internal
• Skin is thick with sweat and sabaecous gland
 Classification
• Sub class Prototheria (monotremes) egg laying
mammals
• Sub class Metatheria (pouched mammals)
• Sub class Eutheria (placentalia) placental mammals
 Sub class protheria
• Promitive mammals also called egg laying mammals
• Ovo –vivi parous
• Egg laying mammals
• Platypus and spiny ant eater both are found in Australia and
Tasmania
• Eggs are kept in the uterus where they are fertilized and
development takes place
• There is no connection between the mother and foetus
 Sub class metatheria or
• Pouched mammals Marsupials
• Females bears pouch or marsupium on the ventral side of belly
they complete their development there
• In these placenta is not formed and baby come out of the body
earlier in immature form
• Kangaroo,
• mammary gland opens into these pouches young one suck
milk from mammary gland
 Sub class Eutheria
• These mammals are true mammals, they are also called
placental mammals
• Young one develop inside the uterus
• After birth mother feeds them on her milk produced in a
mammary gland
• Teeth are present In jaws
• Cloaca is absent and urinogenital duct open independently of
rectum
• Scrotum (testes lie outside )
Humpback whales - Mammalia