AI8302 FLUID MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULICS
 OBJECTIVES:

• To introduce the students to the mechanics of fluids through a

thorough understanding of the properties of the fluids, behaviour
of fluids under static conditions. The dynamics of fluids is
introduced through the control volume approach which gives an
integrated understanding of the transport of mass, momentum and
energy.
• To expose to the applications of the conservation laws to a) flow
measurements b) flow through pipes (both laminar and turbulent)
and c) forces on vanes.
• To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering
problems like open channel flows and hydraulic pumps. At the
completion of the course, the student should be able to relate the
theory and practice of problems in hydraulic engineering.
 AI8302 FLUID MECHANICS AND
HYDRAULICS
• UNIT I PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• UNIT II FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS
• UNIT III FLOW MEASUREMENT
• UNIT IV OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
• UNIT V DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS & PUMPS
 Inverted U Tube Manometer

Inverted U-Tube manometer consists

of an inverted U – Tube containing a
light liquid. This is used to measure the
differences of low pressures between
two points where better accuracy is
required.

In such types of manometers light

fluids for e.g. oil , Air are used as
manometer fluid.

Inverted U-tube differential

manometer can also be used for
measuring the vacuum pressure
Micro manometers
 Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
• Fluid Statics deals with problems associated
with fluid at rest
• Fluid Statics is generally referred to as
Hydrostatics when the fluid is a liquid
• In fluid statics – No Shear Stress acting on the
fluid
• The only stress acting on the fluid is normal
stress
 Total pressure and Centre of Pressure
• A plate exposed to a liquid,
such as a gate valve in a dam,
the wall of a liquid storage
tank, or the hull of a ship at
rest, is subjected to fluid
pressure distributed over its
surface.
• On a plane surface, the
hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces, and
we often need to determine
the magnitude of the force
and its point of application,
which is called the center
• of pressure.
 Total pressure and Centre of Pressure
for different submerged surfaces
• Discussions will be on
To determine the Total pressure and Centre
of Pressure for different submerged surfaces
like
1. Horizontal plane surface
2. Vertical Plane surface
3. Inclined plane surface
4. Curved surface
Horizontal plane surface

• Plane Horizontal surface

immersed in a liquid
• “A” Be the area of the
surface
• h c be the depth of the
surface of liquid
 Hydrostatic force on a Plane Vertical
Plane surface

The centre of Pressure of a submerged body/ surface lies below the

centroid / centre of gravity of the body/surface
IGG = Moment of Inertia of the surface about an axis passing
through the centroid of the surface
 Hydrostatic force on a Plane
Submerged surface
• Plane surface
submerged – Its Plane
makes an angle of θ
wrt free surface of the
fluid

The location of the centre of Pressure for an inclined plane submerged surface depends
on the inclined angle, geometry of the surface and the depth of immersion
 Hydrostatic force on a Curved
submerged surface

The horizontal component of force

exerted by the fluid on a curved
surface is equal to the force on the
vertical projection of the surface

The Vertical component of force

exerted by the fluid on a curved
surface is equal to the force on the
horizontal projection of the surface
Hydrostatic force on a Curved
submerged surface
 BUOYANCY
• Whenever a body is immersed in
a fluid, the body will experience
an upward thrust.
• The upward thrust exerted by the
fluid on the immersed body is
called the buoyancy.
• The magnitude of the buoyancy is
same as the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body and acts
through the centroid of the
displaced volume, which is known
as the centre of buoyancy.
• This is known as Archimedes
"principle.
• Note: The buoyant force is
independent of the distance of
the body from the free surface,
 STABILITY OF A SUBMERGED BODY
• The weight of the body is
acting vertically downward
through its centre of gravity G,
while buoyancy force is acting
vertically upwards through the
centre of buoyancy B (centroid
of the body).
• For submerged bodies, the
centre of gravity and centre of
buoyancy remain in the same
positions irrespective of the
orientation of the bodies.
Depending on the relative
positions of G and B
 METACENTRE
• When a floating body is given a small angular displacement,
the location of the center of buoyancy relative to the body
gets shifted.
• The point at which the line of action of the buoyancy force
meets the normal axis of the body is called the metacentre
 STABILITY OF A FLOATING BODY
• M is above G-------Stable equilibrium
• Mis below G------- Unstable equilibrium
• Coinciding with G----Neutral Equilibrium
Note
For stable equilibrium of floating bodies, the centre of gravity has to be always below the
metacentre
Note
The relative location of center of buoyancy with respect to the center of gravity is not
considered as a criterion for stability of floating bodies because for floating bodies, location
of the buoyancy relative to the body gets shifted as the body is tilted.
BERNOULLI’S EQN -APPLICATIONS
• Flow meters • Direct Method
• Major application area
of fluid mechanics is the
determination of the
flow rate of fluids

DISCHARGE
 Flow meters – Applications of
Bernoulli’s Eqn
• Venturimeter
• Orificemeter
• Nozzle meter
• Rotameter
• Elbow meter
• Pitot tube
 Obstruction Flow meters:
Orifice,Venturi and Nozzle Meters
• This simple analysis shows that
the flow rate through a pipe can
be determined by constricting the
flow and measuring the decrease
in pressure due to the increase in
velocity at the constriction site.
• Noting that the pressure drop
between two points along the
flow can be measured easily by a
differential head manometer, it
appears that a simple flow rate
measurement device can be built
by obstructing the flow.
• Flow meters based on this
principle are called obstruction
flow meters and are widely used
to measure flow rates of gases
and liquids.
Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes
Nozzle meter
Nozzle meter - working
 Rotameters
Rotameters fall into the category of flow
measurement devices called variable area meters.
These devices have nearly constant pressure and
depend on changing cross sectional area to indicate
flow rate. Rotameters are extremely simple, robust
devices that can measure flow rates of both liquids
and gasses.

Fluid flows up through the tapered tube and suspends

a ‘float’ in the column of fluid. The position of the
float indicates the flow rate on a marked scale.
 Rotameters
Three types of forces must be accounted
for when analyzing rotameter
performance:
• Flow Buoyancy
• Gravity
Gravity
• Buoyancy

Flow
 Elbow flow meter

A differential pressure exists when a flowing fluid changes direction due to a pipe
turn or elbow, as shown in Figure 3 below. The pressure difference results from
the centrifugal force.
Orifices
Orifices
Orifices -Classification
Orifices -Classification
Orifices -Classification
Orifices -Classification
Flow through an orifice -sharp edged
orifice discharging free
Flow through an orifice -sharp edged
orifice discharging free
Flow through an orifice -sharp edged
orifice discharging free
Hydraulic Coefficients
Hydraulic Coefficients
Water Discharged Through Fully
Submerged Orifice
Water Discharged Through Fully
Submerged Orifice
Example
Reynold’s Number
Reynold’s Experiment