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Centripetal
forces keep
these children
moving in a
circular path.
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Apply your knowledge of centripetal
acceleration and centripetal force to the
solution of problems in circular motion.
• Define and apply concepts of frequency and
period, and relate them to linear speed.
• Solve problems involving banking angles, the
conical pendulum, and the vertical circle.
Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion is motion along a
circular path in which there is no change in
speed, only a change in direction.
v Constant velocity
Fc tangent to path.
Constant force
toward center.
vf B vf
-vo Dv
s v
vo o
R R
A
Deriving Acceleration (Cont.)
vf
Dv
Definition: ac = -vo Dv
t s v
o
Similar Dv s R
=
Triangles v R
mass m
Dv vs vv
ac = = =
t Rt R
2 2
Centripetal v mv
acceleration:
ac ; Fc mac
R R
Example 1: A 3-kg rock swings in a circle
of radius 5 m. If its constant speed is 8
m/s, what is the centripetal acceleration?
v v 2
m ac m = 3 kg
R
R R = 5 m; v = 8 m/s
2
(8 m/s)
ac 12.8 m/s 2
5m
F = (3 kg)(12.8 m/s2)
2
mv
Fc mac Fc = 38.4 N
R
Example 2: A skater moves with 15 m/s in a
circle of radius 30 m. The ice exerts a
central force of 450 N. What is the mass of
the skater?
Draw and label sketch mv 2 Fc R
Fc ; m 2
v = 15 m/s R v
Fc R m
(450 N)(30 m)
2
450 N (15 m/s)
30 m
m=?
m = 60.0 kg
Speed skater
Example 3. The wall exerts a 600 N force on
an 80-kg person moving at 4 m/s on a
circular platform. What is the radius of the
circular path?
Draw and label sketch
Newton’s 2nd law
m = 80 kg;
for circular motion:
v = 4 m/s2
Fc = 600 N mv 2
mv 2
F ; r
r F
r=?
2
(80 kg)(4 m/s)
r r = 2.13 m
600 N
Car Negotiating a Flat Turn
v
Fc
R
What is the direction of the
force ON the car?
Ans. Toward Center
This central force is exerted
BY the road ON the car.
Car Negotiating a Flat Turn
v
Fc
R
Is there also an outward force
acting ON the car?
mg
The central force FC and the friction force fs
are not two different forces that are equal.
There is just one force on the car. The nature
of this central force is static friction.
Finding the maximum speed for
negotiating a turn without slipping.
n Fc = fs
fs
Fc R
R m
v
mg
The car is on the verge of slipping when FC is
equal to the maximum force of static friction fs.
mv2
Fc = fs Fc = fs = msmg
R
Maximum speed without slipping (Cont.)
Fc = fs
n
fs R mv2
= msmg
R
mg
v= msgR
Fc R
m Velocity v is maximum
v speed for no slipping.
Example 4: A car negotiates a turn of
radius 70 m when the coefficient of static
friction is 0.7. What is the maximum
speed to avoid slipping?
mv2
Fc = fs = msmg
m R
Fc R
From which: v = msgR
v ms = 0.7
g = 9.8 m/s2; R = 70 m
mg q
n sin q
mg
Apply mv2
Newton’s 2nd
SFx = mac n sin q
R
Law to x and y
axes. SFy = 0 n cos q = mg
Optimum Banking Angle (Cont.)
n cos q
n q n
n sin q
tan q
n sin q n cos q
mg q
mg
mv2
2
mv
n sin q v 2
R tan q R
mg gR
n cos q = mg
1
Optimum Banking Angle (Cont.)
n
n cos q n
q
mg q
n sin q
mg
Optimum Banking v 2
Angle q tan q
gR
Example 5: A car negotiates a turn of
radius 80 m. What is the optimum
banking angle for this curve if the speed
is to be equal to 12 m/s?
n v2 (12 m/s)2
tan q = =
gR (9.8 m/s2)(80 m)
mg q
n cos q n
tan q = 0.184 q = 10.40
q
How might you 2find the
n sin q centripetal mv
FC force on the
car, knowing R
its mass?
mg
The Conical Pendulum
A conical pendulum consists of a mass m
revolving in a horizontal circle of radius R
at the end of a cord of length L.
T cos q
T
L q q
h
T T sin q
R mg
Note: The inward component of tension
T sin q gives the needed central force.
Angle q and velocity v:
T cos q
T
L q q
h
T T sin q
R mg
v gR tan q
2
v gR tan q
v (9.8 m/s 2 )(5 m) tan 300 v = 5.32 m/s
Example 7: Now find the tension T in the
cord if m = 2 kg, q = 300, and L = 10 m.
T cos q
T
L q q
h
T T sin q
2 kg
R mg
v2
tan q = and v= gR tan q
gR
Example 9. If b = 5 m and L = 10 m, what
will be the speed if the angle q = 260?
v2
tan q = R=d+b
gR
L q b
d = (10 m) sin 260 = 4.38 m T
d
R = 4.38 m + 5 m = 9.38 m R
v gR tan q
2
v gR tan q
At top: 10 N + T = 40 N TT =
= _?_
30 N
Bottom: T – 10 N = 40 N TT==__?___
50 N
Motion in a Vertical Circle
v Resultant force mv2
Fc =
mg toward center R
T R
AT BOTTOM:
T mv2
+ T= + mg
mg R
Example 10: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical
circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it
passes its highest point is 10 m/s. What is
tension T in rope?
mv2
At Top: mg + T =
v R
mg
mv2
T R T= - mg
R
2
v (2 kg)(10 m/s)
T 2 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
8m
T = 25 N - 19.6 N T = 5.40 N
Example 11: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical
circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it
passes its lowest point is 10 m/s. What is
tension T in rope?
mv 2
v At Bottom: T - mg =
R
mv2
R T= + mg
R
T
v (2 kg)(10 m/s) 2
T 2 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
mg 8m
T = 25 N + 19.6 N T = 44.6 N
Example 12: What is the critical speed vc at
the top, if the 2-kg mass is to continue in a
circle of radius 8 m? 0
v mv 2
At Top: mg + T =
mg R
T R vc occurs when T = 0
mv2
v mg = vc = gR
R
v n
AT BOTTOM: mv2
n n= + mg
+ R
mg
The Ferris Wheel
v mv2
AT TOP: mg - n=
R
R
n
+ mv2
v mg n = mg -
R
AT BOTTOM:
mv2
n +
n= + mg
R
mg
Example 13: What is the
apparent weight of a 60-kg n
person as she moves v +
through the highest point mg
when R = 45 m and the R
speed at that point is 6 m/s?
Apparent weight will be the v
normal force at the top:
mv2 mv2
mg - n = n = mg -
R R
2
(60 kg)(6 m/s)
n 60 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
n = 540 N
45 m
Summary
2 2
Centripetal v mv
acceleration:
ac ; Fc mac
R R
v2
v= msgR tan q = gR
Conical
v= gR tan q
pendulum:
Summary: Motion in Circle
v AT TOP:
+ T= mv 2
- mg
R mg R
T
v
AT BOTTOM:
T T= mv 2
+ mg
+ R
mg
Summary: Ferris Wheel
v mv2
AT TOP: mg - n=
R
R
n
+ mv2
v mg n = mg -
R
AT BOTTOM:
mv2
n +
n= + mg
R
mg
CONCLUSION: Chapter 10
Uniform Circular Motion