HEAT, TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

TRANSFER
 Temperature
• A measure of the average kinetic energy of all
particles within an object
• Indicates how warm or cold an object is with
regards to the standard
• Does not depend on size or type of object
thermometer – device used to measure
temperature
 Temperature Scales
1. Fahrenheit (oF) – classic English system for
measuring temperature
2. Celsius (oC) – metric system of measuring
temperature
3. Kelvin (K) – devised by William Thomson
(a.k.a. Lord Kelvin)
 CONVERSIONS
oC to oF
oF = 1.8 oC + 32 or oF= 9/5 (oC) + 32

oF to oC

oC = oF – 32 or oC = 5/9 (oF – 32)

32
oC to K

K = oC + 273.15
 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
state that exists when two bodies that are in
contact with each other no longer transfer
heat between them.
Thermal equilibrium means that an object has
the same temperature throughout its interior.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two objects are in thermal equilibrium
with a third, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

If TA =TC and TB=TC, then TA = TB

 HEAT
the transfer of energy from the particles of
one object due to a temperature difference
between the two objects.
 a form of energy that is transferred from a
hotter to a colder region by one or more of
the following methods conduction,
convection and radiation.
• When heat is given to a body one or more of
the following may happen
1. increase in temperature
2. Increase in length ( area, volume)
3. change in state of the body (ex. Solid to
liquid)
4. change in chemical composition
5. change in electrical properties
6. change in color
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEAT and
TEMPERATURE
Heat Temperature
• refers to the amount of • measure of hotness or
energy in an object coldness of an object
• depends on mass of the
• does not depend on the
substance
quantity of matter
• cannot be measured directly
with a device; mass, • can be measured directly
temperature and specific using a thermometer
heat capacity must be • a measure of average
known
kinetic energy of molecules
• measure of total kinetic in a substance.
energy of all molecules in a
substance
 THERMAL EXPANSION
the thermal expansion of an object is a
consequence of change in the average
separation between its constituent atoms or
molecules.
 at ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate
with small amplitude but as the temperature
increases, the amplitude increases causing an
expansion of the whole object
 LINEAR EXPANSION
Experiments show that the increase in length or
expansion of a solid depends of three factors:
1. the material of which the solid is made
2. the original length of the material
3. the change in temperature
 PROBLEMS
1. A length of lead piping is 50 m long at a
temperature of 16oC. When hot water flows
through it the temperature of the pipe rises to 80°C.
Determine the length of the hot pipe if the
coefficient of linear expansion of lead is 29 × 10-6/K.
(50.09 m)
2. A rod of metal is measured at 285 K and is 3.521 m
long. At 373 K the rod is 3.523 m long.
Determine the value of the coefficient of linear
expansion for the metal. (6.45 x 10-6/K)
3. A temperature control system is operated by the
expansion of a zinc rod which is 200 mm long at
15°C. If the system is set so that the source of
heat supply is cut off when the rod has
expanded by 0.20 mm, determine the
temperature to which the system is limited.
Assume the coefficient of linear expansion of
zinc to be 31 × 10-6/K. (47.26oC)
4. The coefficient of expansion of lead is
29 x 10-6/K, What change in temperature will
cause a 5-m long lead bar to change in length
by 3.0 mm?
 EXERCISES
1. A 1.00 x l04 meter steel railroad track with a
coefficient of linear expansion of 12 x 10-6 per degree
Celsius changes temperature from 18oC to 38oC. By
how many meters will the railroad tracks expand?
2. The Eiffel Tower in Paris is 324 meters tall, and is
made primarily of iron, which has a coefficient of linear
expansion of 12x10-6. The average low in Paris is l.00oC
and the average high is 24oC. What is average change in
height the tower experiences each year?
 AREA EXPANSION
• The expansion of an area of a flat substance is
derived from the linear expansion in both
directions:
ΔA≈ 2α Ao ΔT
• Hole expands as well;
Equation
 PROBLEMS
1. A silver plate has an area of 800 mm2 at 15°C.
Determine the increase in the area of the plate
when the temperature is raised to 100°C.
Assume the coefficient of linear expansion
of silver to be 19 × 10-6/oC (2.584 mm2)
2. An aluminum sheet 2.50 m long and 3.24 m
wide is connected to some posts when it
was at a temperature of −10.5 0C. What is
the new area of the aluminum sheet when
the temperature rises to 65.0 0C? (8.13 m2)
 VOLUME EXPANSION
three dimensions expand
ΔV≈3αVoΔT
For solids, β = 3α
ΔV = βVoΔT
 PROBLEMS
1. A zinc sphere has a radius of 30.0 mm at
a temperature of 20°C. If the temperature
of the sphere is raised to 420°C,
determine the increase in:
(a) the radius
(b) the surface area,
(c) the volume of the sphere. Assume the
coefficient of linear expansion for zinc
to be 31 × 10-6/K (0.372mm, 280.5
mm2, 4207 mm3)
2. A block of cast iron has dimensions of 50 mm by 30
mm by 10 mm at 15°C. Determine the increase in
volume when the temperature of the block is raised to
75°C. Assume the coefficient of linear expansion of
cast iron to be 11 × 10-6/K. (29.7 mm3)
3. An open glass tube is filled to the top with 25.0 cm3
of mercury at an initial temperature of 20.0 0 C. If the
mercury and the tube are heated to 100 0 C, how much
mercury will overflow from the tube?
HEAT CAPACITY and SPECIFIC HEAT
• When energy is transferred to a substance by
heating it, the temperature of the substance
usually rises.
• The amount of heat energy needed to raise
the temperature of a substance is
proportional to the temperature change and
to the mass of the substance.
 Q = CΔT = mcΔT
where: Q – amount of heat
C – heat capacity
ΔT – change in temperature
c – specific heat or specific heat capacity
Q is positive if ΔT is positive; that is,
if heat is added to a system.
Q is negative if ΔT is negative; that is, if
heat is removed from a system.
Heat Capacity: ratio of the amount of energy
absorbed to the associated temperature rise.
Example:
if it takes 10 calories to raise the temperature of
a glass of water by 2 oC, then the heat capacity
of the glass of water is 10 calories/2oC = 5
calories per oC.
 PHASE CHANGES
• A phase change occurs when a substance
changes from one form to another
example: solid to liquid (melting)
• Specific Heat: the heat capacity of a substance
per unit mass

• Example:
for water, it takes 1 calorie to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC.
So the specific heat for water is 1cal/gram
oC
 PHASE CHANGES
• different substances react differently to the energy added or
removed during a phase change due to their different
molecular arrangements
• the amount of energy also depends on the mass of the
sample
• if an amount of energy Q is required to change the
phase of a sample of mass m, L = Q/m
where:
L = latent heat of the material
• the value L depends on the substance as well as the
actual phase change
 PHASE CHANGES
• the energy required to change the phase is
Q = ± Lm
Latent heat of fusion – when phase change is from
solid to liquid
Latent heat of vaporization – when the phase change
is from liquid to gas
• Positive (+) – when energy is transferred into the
system
• Negative (-) – when energy is transferred out of the
system
 PROBLEMS
1. How much heat must be added to 1 kg of water to change it from a
50°C to 100°C steam at standard pressure? (2.47 x 106 J)
cp water = 4.186 J/goC, Lv water = 2,260 kJ/kg
2. How much heat must be absorbed by 60.0 g of ice at –10.0ºC to
transform it into 60.0 g of water at 40.0ºC? (31.3 kJ)
cp ice = 2.108 J/go C, Lf water = 334 J/g, cp water = 4.186 J/goC

3. How much heat must be released by 0.100 kg of steam at 150ºC to

transform it into 0.100 kg of ice at 0ºC? (311 kJ)
4. A 50.0-g piece of aluminum at 20ºC is cooled to –196ºC by placing it
in a large container of liquid nitrogen at that temperature. How
much nitrogen is vaporized? (Assume that the specific heat of
aluminum is constant over this temperature range.) (48.8 g)
 Modes of Heat Transfer
• If there is a temperature difference in a
system, heat will always move from higher to
lower temperatures
 Conduction
• the process by which heat energy is
transferred by adjacent molecular collisions
inside a material; the medium itself does not
move.
Direction

From hot to
cold.
 Convection
• the process by which heat
energy is transferred by the
actual mass motion of a
heated fluid.
• heated fluid rises and is
then replaced by cooler
fluid, producing convection
currents.
• convection is significantly
affected by geometry of
heated surfaces. (wall,
ceiling, floor)
 Radiation
• the process by which
heat energy is
transferred by
electromagnetic waves.
• No medium is required
Radiation

Sun