FM-II, L # 01

‫السالم عليكم و رحمة هللا و بركات‬

FM-1,L # 01

Fluid Mechanics-II

Complied by
Prof: Abdul Samad
Mechanical Engineering department.
2
 History
Water wheels
The wooden wheels are so formed (having
buckets) and water enters on above or top ,
below or bottom, between or breast and
strikes the buckets of its periphery and this
wheel runes entirely by the weight of water
and this was due to impulse of water
 Nozzle
A nozzle is a device designed to control the
direction or characteristics of a fluid flow
(especially to increase velocity by pressure drop)
as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross
sectional area, and it can be used to direct or
modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas).
 Water jet and Impact of jet.
A continuous stream of high-velocity water forced
under pressure out of a small-diameter from or
nozzle or opening or flow comes out from an
orifice.
A water jet is a stream of fluid obtained from
nozzle. When this jet strikes on flat or curved plate
the momentum is changed and a hydrodynamic
force is exerted. So ‘Impact of Jet’ term refers to
the study of the effect when a jet strikes on the
plate or vane under the various conditions.
Fluid Machines
A Fluid Machine is device used either for converting the
energy held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice
versa. Fluid machines such as turbines, centrifugal
pumps and compressor, of fans, etc. fall under the
category of rotodynamic machines, which are also
called turbo-machines .
Another type of fluid machine is known as positive
displacement machines in which fluid is displaced by or
fluid displaces some moving mechanical element in a
closed casing. In such machines, the static pressure is
developed by the displacement action rather than by a
velocity or kinetic energy change. Reciprocating pump,
reciprocating compressors, vane compressor and gear
pump, are few examples positive displacement
machines.
Fluid Machines ?
It is a device used either for converting the energy
held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.
Such as:
Turbine,
Pumps,
Compressors and
Fans ETC, comes in the category of the of
rotodynamics which is also called turbo machines.
Hydraulic System
Hydraulic system in which force and energy
transmitted through pressure or velocity of an
incompressible fluid (water)
Hydro-static Hydraulic system
Energy can be transmitted by static pressure force
of an incompressible fluid;
Such as:
hydraulic press, crane, intensifier and lift etc:
Hydro-kinematic Hydraulic system
Forces and energy can be transmitted by kinetic
energy force of an incompressible fluid;
such as: pumps and turbines
Prime-mover?
A machine which uses the raw energy of a substance
(fluid) and convert in to mechanical energy is known as
prime mover.
Pumps ?
Fluid machines that are move liquid or motion to liquid
are called pumps, resulting in an increase in fluid
pressure via rotating shaft etc; In this energy is
absorbed or consumed and head is produced therefore,
it is also head producing turbo machine.
Such as:
Reciprocating pumps and
Centrifugal pumps.
Turbine ?
Fluid machines or hydraulic system that
extract energy from the fluid and transfer it
in some form of mechanical energy via
rotating shaft etc resulting decrease in fluid
pressure and energy is produced so it is
called energy producing machine or power
generating turbo machine
such as:
Impulse hydraulic turbine and
Reaction hydraulic turbine.
 impulse-momentum
When a force (Push or pull) is applied on the
bodies it tries to change the state of rest or state
of motion of those bodies. The amount of force
applied is equal to the rate of change of
momentum. Where momentum is the product of
mass and velocity.
Impulse momentum principle
“ The net force acting on a fluid is equal to the
change in momentum of flow per unit time in that
direction”
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of
the substance or body, this is vector quantity and
has direction as wel as magnitude. It also
represented the energy of the motion stored in the
moving body.
According to Newton’s law of motion:
F= ma ---------------------(1)
F= d/dt (mv)--------------(2)
F=mdv/dt +vdm/dt-------(3)
for constant mass flow rate dm=0
F=dv/dt---------------------(4)
Further change in momentum occurs due to a
change in the magnitude of velocity or its
direction or due to both parameters. If v1 and v2
represents average velocity at two section of a
fluid stream and t denotes the time interval then;
F= mdv/dt or m/t (v2 - v1 )
F.t = m (v2 - v1 )-------------(5)
F.t is called impulse and apparently impulse is
equal to the change in momentum.
Or F = m/t (v2 - v1 )
but m/t= mass flow rate and is equal to ṁ =ρQ
F= ṁ (v2 - v1 )
F= ρQ (v2 - v1 )
or ΣF= ρQΔv------------------(6)
ΣF= ρAvΔv Q = Av
ΣF= ρAv2 ------------------------(7)
work done /s= power = F.V
P= ρAv2 xv
P= ρAv3 ----------------------(8)