In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that

donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases

hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution.

They tend to be slippery to the touch can taste bitter,

react with acids to form salts, and catalyze certain
reactions.

A base is a substance that reacts with an acid

in an acid-base reaction
 Types of Bases
Bases may be categorized according to their degree
of dissociation in water and reactivity.
• A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in
water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H+)
from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases
include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium
hydroxide (KOH).
• A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its
aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its
conjugate acid.
• A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a
strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate
acids. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride
(NaH)

• A neutral base is one which forms a bond with a neutral

acid such that the acid and base share an electron pair
from the base.

• A solid base is active in solid form. Example include

silicon dioxide (SiO2). Solid bases may be used in anion
exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids.
 Acidity of bases
The number of ionizable hydroxide (OH-)
ions present in one molecule of base is
[
called the acidity of bases. On the basis of
acidity bases can be classified into three
types: monoacidic, diacidic and triacidic.
 Monoacidic bases
• When one molecule of a base via
complete ionization produces one hydroxide ion, the base is
said to be a monoacidic base. Examples of monoacidic bases
are:
• Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, silver hydroxide

Diacidic bases
• When one molecule of base via complete ionization produces
two hydroxide ions, the base is said to be diacidic. Examples
of diacidic bases are:
• Barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide,
 Triacidic bases
•When one molecule of base via
complete ionization produces
three hydroxide ions, the base is said to be
triacidic.Examples of triacidic bases are:
•Aluminium hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide,
What are the difference between Acids and
Bases
•Such substances that donate their hydrogen ion
(H+) (proton donor) and accepts the electron to
another is called an acid. They have pH less
than 7.0. But such substances that accept the
proton and donate electron is called as
the base. They have pH more than 7.0. Acids
are sour, while bases are bitter.
Properti Produce OH+ ions in water

es Taste bitter , chalky

of Are electrolytes (strong

and weak)

Bases Feel soapy , slippery

Reacts with acids to form salts
and water (Neutralization)
 pH greater than 7
 Turns red litmus paper to blue
“Basic Blue “
 Won’t react with metals
Example
s:
 DRAIN CLEANER AND
OVEN CLEANER (NaOH)
 BAKING SODA
(NaHCO3)
 WASHING SODA
(Na2CO3 )
 GLASS CLEANER
(ammonia, NH3 ( aq )
 Na3PO4 ( aka “TSP” )
 Importance:
Bases are very essential to the human
body. They function to balance the pH
levels in the body. Unbalanced acids and
bases can cause many problems in the
body. One of the most common unbalances
is in the blood
Here the example of
unbalances of blood in bases
acidosis or alkalosis
 Cause of alkalosis Metabolic
alkalosis is caused by too
much bicarbonate in the blood
Acids and bases are important in living
things because most enzymes can do their
job only at a certain level of acidity. Cells
secrete acids and bases to maintain the
proper pH for enzymes to work. ...

The enzyme pepsin, which helps break

down proteins in the stomach can only
function optimally in the low pH
environment.
 cause of acidosis Acidosis is caused by an
overproduction of acid that builds up in the
blood or an excessive loss of bicarbonate from
the blood (metabolic acidosis) or by a buildup
of carbon dioxide in the blood that results
from poor lung function or depressed
breathing (respiratory acidosis).
 Ang nitrogeneous base of dna kay
adenine,cytosine,guanine and thymine
 COMPOSOTIONS OF
BASES
 The ratio of guanine + cytosine (GC) to adenine +
thymine (AT) nucleotides in a nucleic acid; BC is
usually expressed as a guanine + cytosine (G+C)
value—e.g., 60% G+C. The GC content is of interest
given that guanine and cytosine share three
hydrogen bonds in double-stranded nucleic acids,
compared to the two shared by adenine and
thymine; the higher the GC content, the more stable
the nucleic acid.
  Usually these bases are
WHAT created by adding pure alkali
ARE metals such as sodium into
the conjugate acid. They are
BASES called superbases, and it is
MADE
impossible to keep them in
water solution because they
UP OF? are stronger bases than the
hydroxide ion.
 General Structure
The bases come in two categories: thymine
and cytosine are pyrimidines, while adenine
and guanine are purines ().
The pyrimidine structure is produced by a
six-membered, two-nitrogen molecule;
purine refers to a nine-membered, four-
nitrogen molecule.
1. A 16. D
2. C 17. a
3. B 18.a
4. A 19.c
5. A 20.a
6. D 21 c
7. B 22 b
8. B 23 b
9. A 24 b
10. C 25 d
11. C 26 a
12. D 27 d
13. B 28 c
14. A 29 A
15. C 30 c