MEASUREMENTS

RTTC HYDERABAD
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
Electrical measuring instruments may be classified into
two groups:

(a) Absolute (or primary) instruments.

(b) Secondary instruments.

 Absolute Instruments

These instruments give the value of the electrical

quantity in terms of absolute quantities (or some
constants) of the instruments and their deflections.

In this type of instruments no calibration or comparison

with other instruments is necessary.

They are mostly used as means of standard

measurements and are maintained lay national
laboratories and similar institutions.
 Examples of absolute instruments
Tangent galvanometer

Raleigh current balance

Absolute electrometer.
Tangent Galvanometer
Raleigh current balance
Absolute electrometer
 Secondary Instruments

1. They are direct reading instruments. the quantity to be

measured can be determined from the deflection of the
instruments.

2. They are often calibrated by comparing them with either

some absolute instruments

3. Exampls of secondary struments are:

ammeters, voltmeter, wattmeter,energy meter (watt-hour
meter), ampere-hour meters etc.
 Classification of secondary
instruments
Based on the various effects of electric current (or
voltage)
1. Magnetic effect: Used in ammeters, voltmeters, watt-
meters, integrating meters etc.
2. Heating effect: Used in ammeters and voltmeters.
3. Chemical effect: Used in dc ampere hour meters.
4. Electrostatic effect: Used in voltmeters.
5. Electromagnetic induction effect: Used in ac
ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters and integrating
 Classification based on the Nature of their
Operations
1. Indicating instruments

2. Recording Instruments

3. Integrating instruments .
 Indicating Instruments
Indicating instruments indicate, generally the quantity
to be measured by means of a pointer which moves
on a scale.
Examples are ammeter, voltmeter,wattmeter etc.
 Recording instruments

These instruments record continuously the variation of

any electrical quantity with respect to time.

The recording is generally made by a pen on a graph

paper which is rotated on a dice or drum at a uniform
speed. The amount of the quantity at any time (instant)
may be read from the traced chart.

Any variation in the quantity with time is recorded by

 Integrating instruments

These instruments record the consumption of the total

quantity of electricity, energy etc., during a particular period
of time.

Some widely used integrating instruments are: Ampere-hour

meter: kilowatthour (kWh) meter, kilovolt-ampere-hour
(kVARh) meter.
Classification based on the Kind of Current that can be
Measured
Direct current (dc) instruments

Alternating current (ac) instruments

Both direct current and alternating current instruments

(dc/ac instruments).
 Classification based on the method
used.
1. Direct measuring instruments: These instruments
converts the energy of the measured quantity directly
into energy that actuates the instrument and the value
of the unknown quantity is measured or displayed or
recorded directly. Examples are Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Watt meter etc.

2. Comparison instruments: These instruments

measure the unknown quantity by comparison with a
standard. Examples are dc and ac bridges and
potentiometers. They are used when a higher accuracy
of measurements is desired.
 Classification based on the Accuracy Class of
Instruments
1. Moving Coil instruments are used for Direct
current and voltages and having linear scale

2. Moving Iron Instruments are used for measuring

DC and AC ( Rms Value) quantities , and have non
linear scale.

3. Moving Coil Rectifier instruments used for

measuring RMS value of AC quantities and have
linear scale.
PMMC INSTRUMENTS
 Important Parameters of Indicating
instruments
The Important parameters of Indicating instruments
are

1. Deflecting Torque

2. Controlling Torque

3. Daming
MOVING IRON INSTRUMENT
 Dynamometer type wattmeter
Control torque provided by Spring control and
Scale is uniform scale is used in these types of
instrument as moving coil moves linearly over a range
of 40 degrees to 50 degrees on either side.

Deflecting Torque is equal to VI/ Rp Cos θ dM/ dx (

I1 I2 cosθ dM/ dx ) as current through the pressure coil
is very very small compared to the current through
current coil hence current through the current coil can
be considered as equal to total load current.

Controlling torque is given by Tc = Kx where K is spring

Energy Meter
Connectivity of Ammeter
Connectivity of Voltmeter and ammeter
Shunt
 Shunt Important characteristics
• A shunt resistor is used to measure electric current,
alternating or direct.
• Shunts are generally made of Manganin or constantan
• The temparature coefficient of shunt should be low
• Multiplying power of shunt is equal to 1+ I/ Im
Voltmeter
Multiplier
 Rivision Points
• 1.Indicating instrument example -------------------(
ammeter and voltmeter ).

• 2.Recording instruments example -----------------( X- Y

plotters ).

• 3.Integrating instruments example ----------------(

Energy meter ).
• 4.The Important torques required in an instrument
are -----( deflecting , controlling and damping
torques ).

• 5.Methods to produce deflecting toque -------(

magnetic , thermal, electrostatic , Induction , and
hall effect ).

• 6.Control torque is produced by ----------( spring

control and Gravity control ).
 RIVISION
7.In gravity control the controlling torque is
proportional to -------( sinФ).

8.In spring control the controlling torque is

proportional to ---------( Ф).

9.In gravity control the controlling torque is ---------(

variable ).
10.In spring control the controlling torque is ----------
-( fixed ).

11.In Gravity control the scale is -----------( non

uniform ).

12.In spring control the scale is ----------( uniform ).

• 13.Damping torque is obtained by ----------( Air
friction damping , fluid friction damping and Eddy
current damping ).

• 14.Eddy current damping is based on ------------(

Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law).

• 15.The D’Arsonval galvanometer is used for --------

-( detecting the presence of small voltages or
currents ).
• 16.The time required by the pointer to achieve
the steady state when the complete transient
behavior dies out is called -----------( settling time
).

• 17. In PMMC instrument Torque equation is -------

-----( BIAN Newtons ).

• 18.The controlling torque in PMMC instrument --

----------( spring control ).
• 19.The damping used in PMMC instrument is -----
---------( eddy current damping ).

• 20.In PMMC instrument at equilibrium --------------(

Td is proportional to the current ).

• 21.For PMMC instruments ---------( sensitivity is

high , Free from hysteresis loss , High accuracy
and it has uniform scale ).
22.PMMC instruments are used for ---------------( DC
measurements only ).

23.The friction due to Jewel - pivot suspension

can be eliminated by using --( Taught band ).

24. In PMMC instruments the temperature

compensation is done by --------( Swamping resistor
).
.
• 25.In Moving Iron type instruments are classified
as -----( attraction type and repulsion type ).

• 26. In MI attraction type instrument damping used

is -------( air friction damping ).

• 27.In MI attraction type instrument Controlling

torque is provided by -----( Gravity control )

• 28. Two types of repulsion type Instruments are ----

-------( Radian vane type and coaxial vane type).
• 29.In MI instruments the deflecting torque is
proportional to ---------( I2).

• 30.MI instruments are used for -------------( AC and

DC instruments ).

• 31.Errors in MI instruments are ------------(

Hysteresis error, Temp error , Stray magnetic field
error , Frequency error and eddy current error ).
• 32.Multiplying power of shunt is equal to
( I / Im = 1 + Rm/ Rsh).

• 33.Multirange ammeters uses -----------( no of

shunts and selector switch ).

• 34.The requirements of shunt -----------(

Temperature coefficient of shunt and meter
should be low and should be equal as possible
• 35.Multiplying factor of Muliplier is ---( V/v = 1 +
Rs /Rm).

• 36.The sensitivity of the voltmeter is equal to -----

--------( 1/ Full scale deflection current ).

• 37. Low sensitivity instruments when used in

high resistance circuit gives a lower reading than
the true reading is known as ------------( loading
effect ).
• 38.Electrostatic instruments are used for the
measurement of -------( High DC and AC
voltages ).

• 39.The scale of the electrostatic instrument

is -----------( not uniform )
• 40.The accurate device which is used to
determine the difference in frequency and phase
of voltages of incoming machine and busbar is
called ------------( synchroscope ).

• 41.Electrodynamometer type instrument deflection

torque is proportional to ( I1 I2 dM/dФ).

• 42. In electrodynamometer type instrument Control

torque is provided by --( spring control).
• 43.In electrodynamometer type instrument
Damping torque is provided by --( Airfriction
damping ).

• 44. Energy meter works on the principle of ----------

--( induction ).

• 45.In energy meter there is no ------------(

controlling torque ).
47.In Induction energy meters the rotation of disc
without any current through current coil and only
due to excitation of pressure coil is called -----------
-( creeping ).

48.Two holes are drilled at 180 deg opposite to

each other on the disc of energy meter to reduce
-------------( Creeping ).

49.The ratio of max demand to the connected load

50. The value of demand factor is -------( less than
1 ).

51.Ratio of average load to the max demand

during a specified period is called ------( load factor
).

52.Ratio of the sum of individual max demands to

the max demand on power station is known as ----
--------( Diversity factor ).
current transformer and potential
transformer
1. A 250 : 5 current transformer is used along with
an ammeter. If ammeter reading is 2.7 A then
estimated line current is equal to --------------( 135 A).

2.The actual Ratio ( R) of Instrument transformer is

actual secondary current/ actual primary current for
CT .
actual secondary Voltage / actual primary Voltage for
P.T

3. Nominal ratio ( Kn) of Instrument transformers.

4. Turns ratio ( n) of Instrument transformer is
equal to

No of turns of secondary winding / No of turns of

primary winding .For CT

No of turns of primary winding / No of turns of

secondary winding for PT
5. Ratio correction factor ( RCF ) is equal to (
Actual ratio/ Turns ratio ).

6. Burden of an instrument transformer is equal to

( Vs 2 / Zs )

7. Ratio error in current transformer is equal to

( Kn - R ) / R.
 Kelvins Bridge
• Used for measuring low
resistance

Under balance condition

Rcb/ Rab = R1/ R2
and Rx = R1R3/ R2
 RIVISION POINTS
1. Low resistance means --------------( 1 ohm or < 1 ohm
).

2. Medium resistance means ------------( 1 ohm to 0.1

Mohm ).

3. High resistance means -----------------( More than 0.1 M

ohm ).

4. In wheat stone bridge the sensitivity of galvanometer

5.In wheat stone bridge the bridge sensitivity is
equal to --------( Deflection of galvanometer / fractional
change in unknown resistance ).

6. Applications of Wheat stone Bridge are --------------

--( measurement of resistance from 1 ohm to low
mega ohm ).

7. Wheat stone Bridge is basically a ---------( DC

bridge ).
8. Kelvin’s Bridge is used for measurement of --------
-----( low resistance @ less than one ohm).

9. Maxwell’s Inductance capacitance Bridge is used

for ---------( measurement of wide range of
inductance at power and audio frequencies ).

10. Maxwell’s Inductance capacitance Bridge is used

for measurememt of Q factor os coils having Q
value ---------( 1to 10)
11.Anderson bridge is used for measurement of Q
factor of range -------( less than one).

12.The dissipation factor measured by Schering

Bridge is equal to ------------( wC4R4).
13.An AC bridge uses detector in the form of . ans
C
A.Ammeter B. Voltmeter C. Headphones D.
Wattmeter.

14.Maxwell’s Bridge is used to measure unknown .

ans A
A.Inductance B. Capacitance C. Resistance
D. Q.
16.Schering bridge is used to measure . ans B
A. Q factor B. Dissipation factor C. Resistance
D. Frequency .

17. Wien bridge in its basic form is used to

measure unknown . Ans D
A.Inductance B. Capacitance C. Resistance
D. Frequency .
18. Anderson Bridge is used to measure unknown .
ans A
A.Inductance B. Capacitance C. Resistance
D. Frequency .

19.To measure precise inductance from a few micro

henries to several henries bridge used is. Ans D
• A.Maxwell’s B. Hay C. Maxwell- wien
D. Anderson .
20.Wagner’s ground is used ans A
• A.Eliminate stray capacitance
• B.Measure capacitance
• C.Measure resistance
• D.Measure inductance.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
 Electrostatic Deflection
Defleon sensitivity = L ld / 2 d Ea
L is the length of the deflection
d is the separation between the deflecting plates
ld is the length of the deflecting plates
Ea is the accelarating voltage
Ed is the deflecting voltage

Deflection Factor 2 d Ea / L ld
LISSAJEOUS PATTERN
 Sampling Oscilloscope
1. It works on the principle of stroboscopic light. Used at
VHF

2. sampling oscilloscope can measure the very high-speed

event with the help of the instrument having lower
bandwidth.

3. The disadvantage of the oscilloscope is are that it can

only measure the repetitive or continuous signal.

4. The sampling oscilloscopes in not used for displaying the

 RIVISION POINTS
1. In CRO electrostatic deflection is equal to ( D=
L LdEd/ 2 d Ea ).

2.Sensitivity in CRO is equal to ---------------------S =D/

Ed

3. Deflection Factor in CRO is equal to ------------1/ S

4.If Lissazous pattern is straight line then
phase angle is ------------( 0 deg or 180 deg ).

5.If Lissazous pattern is Circle then phase

angle is ------------( 90deg or 270 deg).
6. A dual beam CRO uses ans B
A. Two electron Guns
B. One electron gun
C. More deflection plates
D. None
7.A dual trace CRO uses ans A
A. Two electron Guns B. One electron gun C. More
deflection plates D. None.

8.An electronic switch is used as ------------------CRO.

Ans a
A. Dual trace B. Dual beam C. Both D. None

9.A sampling CRO is used in the frequency range

ans a
10. In CRO post deflection accelaration is to increase
the velocity of the electrons Vd = 593 x 10 6 √ Va
where
Vd is the velecity of the electron and Va is the accelarating voltage.

11. In CRO trigger pulse is required to synchronize the

Input with the time base generator .

12. In CRO the function of the sync section is to start

the horizontal sweap at the same relative point on the
vertical signal.
Important static characteristics
 Rivision
1.Match the following
A.Accuracy P. Smallest change in measured variable to
which instrument responds.
B.Resolution Q. Degree of exactness ( closeness ) of a
measurement .
C.Precision R. Deviation from True value .
D.Error S. Measure of consistency or repeatability of the
instrument .
A-Q , B-P , C- S , D- R
2.The most probable value that calculations indicate one
should expect is called.
3.The expected value of the voltage across a
resistor is 80V . However the measurement gives a
value of 79V. Then
A.Absolute error is equal to ( 80 - 79 ) = 1 V
B.%error is equal to 1/ 80 x 100 ( 1. 25 % ).
C.Relative accuracy is equal to 1- 1/ 80 = 0.9875.
D.% of accuracy is equal to 98.75 % .
4.The expected value of the current through a
resistance is 20 ma . How ever measurement yields a
current value of 18 ma . then
A.Absolute error is 2ma . cisio( 20 - 18 ) ma
B.% error is 10 % . 2/ 20 x 100 = 10 %
C.Relative accuracy is 0.9 ( 1 - 0.1 )
D.% accuracy is 90%

5.Ten measurement were recorded as 98 , 101, 102 ,

97 , 101, 100, 103, 98 , 106 , 99 then the precision at
6th measurement is equal to --------------------.
Avge value = 100. 5 precision = 1 - | ( 100 - 100. 5 ) /
6. Match the following wrt dynamic characteristics
of instruments.

A.Speed of response P. Rapidity with which an

instrument
responds to changes.
B.Fidelity Q. Delay in the response of
an instrument .

C.Lag R. Difference between the

true value of
the quantity changing
7.From the following data x1= 49.7 , x2 = 50 , x3= 50.2 , x4 =
49.6 , x5 = 49.7

Arithmetic Mean is equal to 49.86 .

A. M =( 49. 7 + 50 + 50.2 + 49. 6 + 49.7 )/ 5

Avg Deviation
( 0. 016 + 0. 24 + 0. 34 + 0. 26 + 0. 16 ) / 5 = 0. 232
Take Mod values for each deviation .

Standard deviation is equal to=

sqrt of ( d1 2 + d2 2 + d3 2 + d4 2 + d5 2 )/ 5 -1
In std deviation n is taken when readings are more
than 30 and
8. The closeness of values indicated by an instrument to
the actual value is . Ans D
A.Repeatability B. Reliability C. Uncertainty D.
Accuracy .

9. Precision is defined as . Ans A

• A.Repeatability B. Reliability C. Uncertainty D.
Accuracy .

10.The ratio of change in output to the change in input

1 .Errors occurs due to short comings of instruments
are called . ans B
A.Gross errors B. Systematic errors C. environmental
errors
D. None.

2.The errors occur due to Mainly due to human

mistakes or errors in recording observations. Ans A
A.Gross errors B. Systematic errors C. Both D.
None.
4 .The deviation of the measured value to the desired value is
defined as. Ans A
A.Error B. Repeatability C. Hysteresis D.
Resolution.

5. 16.Improper setting of range of multimeter leads to an error is

called ans D
A.Random error B. Limiting error C. Instrumental error
D. Obeservation erros .

6.Errors that occur even all the gross and systematic errors are
taken care of are called. Ans D
• A.Environmental errors B. Instrumental errors C. Limiting errors
D. Random erros.
7. A 600 Voltmeter is specified to be accurate Within
±2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error when
the instrument is to measure a voltage of 250 V is
Magnitude of limiting error = 600 x 2/ 100 = 12 V
Limiting error = 12/ 250 = 4. 8 %
8.A means of reducing environmental errors is the
regulation of ambient . ans B
A.Noise B. Temperature C. Light D. Mains
voltage .

9.The ability of an instrument to respond to the

weakest signal is defined as. Ans A
A.Sensitivity b. Repeatability C. Resolution D.
Precision.

10.The difference between the expected value of

11. Accuracy is expressed as . ans B
A.Absolute error B. % accuracy C. Error D.
% error.

12.Error is expresses as .ans C

A.Absolute error B. Relative error C. % error D.
% accuracy .

13.Static errors are caused due to. Ans A

A.Measuring devices B. Human error C.
Environmental error D. Observational error.
14.Dynamic errors are caused by . ans A
A.Instruments not responding fast .
B.Human error.
C.Environmental error.
D.Observational error.

15.Limiting errors are . ans A

A.Manufacturer’s specifications of accuracy .
B.Manufacturer’s specification of instrumental errors.
C.Environmental errors.
D.Random errors.
compared with the voltage being measured
(unknown voltage).
4. At the instant the value of ramp voltage
is equal to that of unknown voltage.
5. The ramp voltage continues to decrease
till it reaches ground level (zero voltage).
6. At this instant another comparator called
ground comparator generates. a pulse and
closes the gate.
 gate and are counted and displayed.
9. The decimal number as indicated by the
readout is a measure of the value of input
voltage.
Thus frequency to time conversion
takes place in Ramp type Digital
voltmeter.
Voltage to Frequency conversion
in Integrating type DVM

The input voltage produces a charging

current, ei/R1 that charges the capacitor ‘C’ to
the reference voltage er.
When er is reached, the comparator changes
state, so as to trigger the precision pulse
generator.

The pulse generator produces a pulse of

precision charge content that rapidly
discharges the capacitor.
The rate of charging and discharging
produces a signal frequency that is directly
proportional to ei.
• When a dual-slope A/D
converter is used for a DVM,
the counters may be decade
rather than binary
• In the dual-slope technique,
an integrator is used to
integrate an accurate voltage
reference for a fixed period
of time.
• The same integrator is then
used to integrate with the
reverse slope, the input
voltage, and the time
 Time Base Generator
• Definition: The generator which is used
for generating the linear variable voltage
concerning time is known as the time
base generator

• The sweep time Ts is the time in which

the voltage rises linearly. The Ts moves
left to right across the CRT screen.

• The restoring or retrace time Tr is the

time required by the waveform to return
to its initial position.

• The restoring time is always less than

the sweep time. The sawtooth waveform
• The sweep rate of the
sawtooth waves depends
on the capacitor used in
the circuit.

• The sweep rate is

controlled by the resistor
placed in the circuit.

• Consider a simple sweep

circuit in which the
capacitor C charges
through resistor R.
 Time Base Generator

• The variable resistor R.

charges the capacitor in
the circuit.
• The capacitor is
discharged through the
transistor Q1.
• The charge and the
discharges of the
capacitor generate the
waveform shown in the
 Transducers
• The transducer is a type of
device that converts the
physical quantities like
pressure, brightness,
displacement into an
electrical quantity.
• The process of conversion
of quantities is known as
the transduction.

• The thermocouple converts

the temperature into the
 DIsplay Devices
LED
Operates in Infrared region
GaAs --- Red light
Ga AS P -- Red or yellow
Ga P ----- Red or greem
• LCD
• Operates in Light
scattering principle
• They don not generate
light actively for their
operation and depends
on the ambient or back
scattering
• They consume less
power
 Ammeter with Thermocouple
• Used for the measurement of current in the RF range

• To minimize the skin effect at RF range Array of

shunts are used .
Sensitivity of Voltmeter is expressed in ohms / Volt
Sensitivity of 200 microamps meter movement which is
to be used as Voltmeter
Sensitivity = 1/ I fsd = 1/ 200 micro amps = 5 K ohms /
Volt
Sensitivity is more loading effects are less
In TVM ( transistor Voltmeter ) the Input circuit uses
FET and measures Voltage in DC in Milli Volts
Chopper type voltmeters measures DC in Micro volts
 Importnat points in Digital Voltmeters
1. In RAMP Type DVM Voltage to Time conversion
takes place.
and Measurement is performed during positive or
negative slope.

2. In Dual Slope DVM measurement is done at falling

slope and Voltage to time conversion takes place

3. In Integrating type DVM voltage to Frequency

conversion takes place.
 Resolution and Sensitivity in DVM
1. Resolution is equal to 1/ 10 n

2. Sensitivity is equal to( Lowet full scale of the meter x

resolution)

3. 4 1/2 digital voltmeter

Resolution is equal to 1/ 10 4
12. 98 V in 4 1/2 DVM is displayed as 12. 980 since
there are 5 digits in 4 1/2 digit voltmeter
 Time Base Selector
• Time base selector is
used to select the time
• it uses crystal oscillator
 Schmitt Trigger
• Time is converted into
Pulse in schmittrigger
• The difference between
upper and lower
threshold is Hysterisis.

• Schmitt trigger symbol

 Frequency meter
• Used for measurement of
frequency
• Frequency divider divides
the frequency by 10
• Frequency divider
contains flip flops
 Sine wave and square wave generator
• 1. The output impedance
is 600 ohms
• 2. In modern signal
generators 1 Mhz crystal
oscillators are used
• 3. Signal generators
using wien bridge
oscillator are used in AF
generation
 Pulse Generator
• 1. Square wave
generator the duty cycle
is 50%
• 2. For Pulse wave form
the duty cycle used in
25%
• 3. It can also be used to
check the perfromance of
IC in Mhz
 Sweep generator
• The frequency sweeper
provides the modulating
voltage which varies the
capacitance
• Sweep generators are
used for alignment
• Wobbuloscope is used
for alignment of TV
receiver
 Wave Analyzer
• 1. Used at Low R. F
range
• 2. Measures amplitude
and frequency
• 3. Heterodyne wave
analyzer operates on the
principle of Mixing
• 4. Wave analyzer
bandwidth is narrow
 spectrum analyzer
• 1. It works on Frequency
domain
• 2. the frequency axis is
taken as Z- axis
• 3. Used to display
frequency band spectrum
 DIstortion analyzer
• Distortion means
unwanted frequency
• Distortion analyzer
measures total RMS
power
• Total Hormonic distortion
is equal to
• √ ( D1 2 + D2 2 + D3 2
+ ----)
 Field strength meter
• It is used to measure
radiation intensity .
Q Factor is equal to
Reactnce / Resistance

Q meter is used to
measure the inductance

The Value of Rsh is of

the order of 0. 02 ohms to
0. 04 ohms
 Meggar and PH meter
• Megger is of two types • PH Meter
• 1. Earth megger to • P- H sclae is from 0 -14
measure the resistance • In PH meter the neutral
of the e arth point is 7
• 2. Insulation megger to
measure the cross
insulation
 Some Imp Tips
• Thermistor is used for Thermal compensator
• Strip chart recorder uses long roll of papare
• Galvanometer recorder uses PMMC instrument
• Null type recorder uses inductor
• Cicrular recorder uses circular chart and operates on
the principle of self balancing type potentiometer
• X- Y Recorders also uses the principle of self
balancing type potentiometer
• X-Y plotter plots one variable against another variable
and uses single pen and arm mechanism.
RTD( resistance temperature detector )
• It is a passive transducer
• less senistive but more
stable compared with
thermistors
• metal used in RTD is
platinum
• Thermistor is used for
high span adn high
sensitivity
• Thermocouple is used at
temp upto 1500 deg c
• Wave meters used for • Cavity wave meters are
measurement of of cylindrical wave form
frequency • the precision of Cavity
• Wave meter principle wave meter is about 1
based on resonant part in 100000
circuit • At frequencies above
• Coaxial wave meter has 300 Mhz it is more
the coaxial line of λ/2 practical to deal with
• Cavity wave meter are power
used for microwave • Sensitivity of radio receiver
5 bit resistive devider • For 5 Bit adder DAC for
network Input Voltage V
LSB = 1/ 25 - 1 = 1/ 31 V • MSB = V/2
2nd LSB = 2/ 31 V • 2nd MSB = V/ 4
3 rd LSB = 3/ 31 V • 3rd MSB = V/ 8
• 4th MSB = V/ 16
If V =10 V For 11011 Op is • 5th MSB = V / 52
equal to
V = V/2 + V/4 + V/ 8 + V/16+
( 10 x 24 + 10 x 23 + 0 + 10 x V/32
2 + 10x 1) / 31 = 8. 71 V
• DAC is decoder • Bolometer is used for
measurement of power in
• ADC is encoder RF range
• Crystal oscillator • It is used for measurement
frequency is 100 Khz of small powers.
• Standard AF's are 440 • Power at M/W frquency is
measured directly
Hz and 4000 Hz • metal wire used in
• Accuracy of primary bolometer is barretter .
standard is 10 million • Thermopile is thermo couple
in series
• Quartz stable over temp
range o to 100 deg C • Directional coupler is used
for the measurement of
1.Measurement in Ramp type DVM is performed
during the -------. Ans A
A.Negative slope B. Positive slope C. Both of the
slopes D. None.

2.Measurement by Dual slope DVM is performed

during . ans B
A.Rising slope B. Falling slope C. Rising and falling
slopes D. None.

3.The principle of voltage to time conversion is used

in . ans A
A.Dual slope DVM B. Successive approximation
4. SAR type DVM uses the principle of Voltage to ---
------conversion. Ans A
A.Time B. Frequency C. Binary D. Current .

5.The principle of operation in Integrating type DVM .

ans B
A.Voltage to time conversion .
B.Voltage to frequency conversion .
C.Frequency to voltage conversion .
D.Voltage to current conversion.
6.A time base selector is used to select . ans B
A.Frequency B. Time C. Amplitude D. Voltage.

7.A time base selector basically contains . ans C

A.LC oscillator B. RC oscillator C. Crystal
oscillator D. Wien bridge oscillator.

8.A frequency meter is used to measure . ans A

A.Frequency B. Ratio C. Time Interval D.
Phase.
9. Frequency divider in the frequency counter divide
the frequency by . ans A
A.10 B. 2 C. 100 D. 20.
• 1.In gravity control the controlling torque is
proportional to
• A. sinФ. B. cosФ C. Tan Ф D. None.
• 2.In spring control the controlling torque is
proportional to
• A. Ф. B. SinФ C. Cos Ф D. Tan Ф.
• 3.In gravity control the controlling torque is ---------
• A. varied B. Fixed C. Fixed or variable D.
None
• 4.In spring control the controlling torque is
• A. varied B. Fixed C. Fixed or variable D.
• 6.In spring control the scale is ----------
• A.non uniform . B. Uniform C. exponential D. None.
• 7.Eddy current damping is based on the principle of
• A. Faraday’s law B. Amperes law C. Hysterisis loss
D. None.
• 8.The time required by the pointer to achieve the steady
state when the complete transient behavior dies out is
called -----------
• A.Damping time B. settling time C. Deflecting time D.
None.
• 9. In PMMC instrument Torque equation is ------------
• A. BIAN B. BLV C. VI D. None.
• 11.The damping used in PMMC instrument is -------------
-
• A. Air friction damping B. fluid friction damping
C.Eddy current damping D. All
• 12. In PMMC instrument at equilibrium Deflecting
Torque is proportional to.
• A.I B. I2 C. √I D. None.
• 13.For PMMC instruments The sensitivity is
• A.High B. Low C. Medium D. None.
• 14.PMMC instruments are used for ---------------
• A. DC measurements only B. AC measurements C.
Both D. None.
• 16.In Moving Iron type instruments are classified as -----
• A. attraction type B. repulsion type C. Both D. None.
• 17.In MI attraction type instrument Controlling torque is
provided by --
• A. Gravity control B. Spring control C. Both D. None.
• 18.In MI instruments the deflecting torque is proportional to
--------
• A. I2. B. I C. 2I D. I3.
• 19.MI instruments are used for -------------
• A. AC measurements B. DC measurements C. Both
A&B D. None
• 21. Temperature coefficient of shunt and meter should be
• A.low B. Medium C. High D. None.
• 22.Multiplying factor of Muliplier is V/v is equal to
• A. 1 + Rs /Rm. B. 1 - Rs/ Rm C. Rm/ Rs D. Rs/ Rm.
• 23.Low sensitivity instruments when used in high resistance circuit gives a
lower reading than the true reading is known as
• A. loading effect B.Loss effect C. Eddy current effect D. None.
• 24.Electrostatic instruments are used for the measurement of -------
• A. High DC Voltage B. High AC voltage C. Both D. None.
• 25.The scale of the electrostatic instrument is -----------
• A. uniform B. Not uniform C. Exponential D. None.
• 26.A 250 : 5 current transformer is used along with an ammeter.
If ammeter reading is 2.7 A then estimated line current is equal
to --------
• A. 135 A. B. 125 A C. 270 A D. None.
• 27.The accurate device which is used to determine the
difference in frequency and phase of voltages of incoming
machine and busbar is called ------------
• A. synchroscope . B. Frequency counter C. Stroboscope D.
None.
• 28.Energy meter works on the principle of ------------
• A. induction B. Conduction C. Heating effect D. None.
• 29.In energy meter there is no ------------
• A. controlling torque
• B. Defelcting roque
• 30.The constant speed of rotation in energy meter is
provided by
• A. braking magnets B. Permanent magnets C.
Pole shoe magnets D. none.
• 31.In Induction energy meters the rotation of disc
without any current through current coil and only due
to excitation of pressure coil is called ------------
• A. creeping . B. Hunting C. Swapping D.
Damping.
• 32.Two holes are drilled at 180 deg opposite to
each other on the disc of energy meter to reduce --
-----------
• 33.The ratio of max demand to the connected load
is called --------------
• A. demand factor . B. Load Factor C. Growth
factor D. None.
• 34.The value of demand factor is -------
• A.less than 1 . B. More than 1 C. Equal to 1
D. None.
• 35.Ratio of average load to the max demand during
a specified period is called
• A. load factor . B. Demand factor C. Growth factor
D. None.
• 36.Ratio of the sum of individual max demands to
the max demand on power station is known as ------
------
• A. Diversity factor . B. Demand factor C. Distribution
factor D. None.
• 37.Match the following .
• A. Low resistance means P. 1 ohm or < 1 ohm
.
• B.Medium resistance means Q. 1 ohm to 0.1
Mohm .
• 38.Wheat stone Bridge is basically a
• A. DC bridge B. AC Bridge C. Both D.
none.
• 39.Kelvin’s Bridge is used for measurement of
• A. low resistance B. Medium resistance C.
High resistance d. none.
• 40.The dissipation factor can be found by
• A. Schering Bridge B. hay’s Brideg C. Wien
Bridge D. Dasuty’s Bridge.
• 41.The most probable value that calculations indicate
one should expect is called.
• a.Sensitivity B. Precision C. Expected value D.
Error.
• 42.Ten measurement were recorded as 98 , 101, 102 ,
97 , 101, 100, 103, 98 , 106 , 99 then the precision at
6th measurement is equal to --------------------.
• A.0.98 B. 0.995 C. 1.995 C. none .
• 43.Errors occurs due to short comings of instruments
are called .
• A.Gross errors B. Systematic errors C.
environmental errors D. None.
• 44.The errors occur due to Mainly due to human mistakes
or errors in recording observations.
• A.Gross errors B. Systematic errors C. Both D. None.
• 45.Which are the systematic errors .
• A.Instrumental errors B. Environmental errors C.
Observational errors D. All .
• 46.The closeness of values indicated by an instrument to
the actual value is called .
• A.Repeatability B. Reliability C. Uncertainty D.
Accuracy
• 47.Precision is defined as .
• A.Repeatability B. Reliability C. Uncertainty D.
• 48.The ratio of change in output to the change in
input is called.
• A.Precision B. Resolution C. Sensitivity D.
Repeatability.
• 49.The deviation of the measured value to the desired
value is defined as.
• A.Error B. Repeatability C. Hysteresis D.
Resolution.
• 50.Improper setting of range of multimeter leads to an
error is called
• 51.Errors that occur even all the gross and systematic errors
are taken care of are called.
• A.Environmental errors B. Instrumental errors C. Limiting
errors D. Random erros.
• 52.A means of reducing environmental errors is the
regulation of ambient
• A.Noise B. Temperature C. Light D. Mains
voltage .
• 53.The ability of an instrument to respond to the weakest
signal is defined as.
• A.Sensitivity b. Repeatability C. Resolution D.
Precision.
• 54.The difference between the expected value of the
• 55.Accuracy is expressed as .
• A.Absolute error B. % accuracy C. Error
D. % error.
• 56.Error is expresses as .
• A.Absolute error B. Relative error C. % error D.
% accuracy .
• 57.Limiting errors are .
• A.Manufacturer’s specifications of accuracy .
• B.Manufacturer’s specification of instrumental errors.
• C.Environmental errors.
• D.Random errors.
• 58.Wheat stone Bridge is used to measure --------.
• A.Voltage B. Current C. Power D. Resistance.
• 59.Kelvin’s Bridge is used to measure ------------------.
• a.Voltage B. Current C. Power D. Resistance.
• 60.An AC bridge uses detector in the form of .
• A.Ammeter B. Voltmeter C. Headphones D.
Wattmeter.
• 61.Max well bridge is used to measure Q factor in
the range .
• A.1-10 B. 30-50 C. 50-75 D. 75-100.
• 62.Hayes bridge is used to measure inductance of .
• A.Low Q B. Medium Q C. High Q D. Very high
Q.
• 63.Schering bridge is used to measure .
• A.Q factor B. Dissipation factor C. Resistance
D. Frequency .
• 64. Wien bridge in its basic form is used to measure
unknown .
• A.Inductance B. Capacitance C. Resistance D.
Frequency .
• 65.To measure precise inductance from a few micro
henries to several henries bridge used is.
• A.Maxwell’s B. Hay C. Maxwell- wien D.
Anderson .
• 66.Wagner’s ground is used
• A.Eliminate stray capacitance
• B.Measure capacitance
• 67. Measurement in Ramp type DVM is performed
during the -------.
• A.Negative slope B. Positive slope C. Both of the
slopes D. None.
• 68.Measurement by Dual slope DVM is performed
during .
• A.Rising slope B. Falling slope C.
Rising and falling slopes D. None.
• 69.The principle of voltage to time conversion is
used in .
• 70. SAR type DVM uses the principle of Voltage to -
--------conversion.
• A.Time B. Frequency C. Binary D. Current .
• 71.A time base selector is used to select .
• A.Frequency B. Time C. Amplitude D.
Voltage.
• 72.A time base selector basically contains .
• A.LC oscillator B. RC oscillator C. Crystal
oscillator D. Wien bridge oscillator.
• 73.A frequency meter is used to measure .
• A.Frequency B. Ratio C. Time Interval D.
Phase.
• 74.Frequency divider in the frequency counter divide
the frequency by .
• A.10 B. 2 C. 100 D. 20.
• 75.A dual beam CRO uses
• A. Two electron Guns
• B. One electron gun
• C. More deflection plates
• D. None.
• 76.A dual trace CRO uses
• A. Two electron Guns B. One electron gun C.
More deflection plates D. None.
• 77.An electronic switch is used as ------------------CRO.
• A. Dual trace B. Dual beam C. Both D. None
• 78.A sampling CRO is used in the frequency range
• A. VHF B. UHF C. RF D. AF.
• 79.The comparator used in a function generator
produces
• A. Square wave. B. Sine wave C. Saw
tooth wave D. None
• 80.The frequency axis in a spectrum analyzer is the -
---------------------axis.
• A. Z B. X C. Y D. None.
• 81.A distortion analyzer measures the total
• A. RMS Power .B. Average power C. Max power D.
• 82.The field strength meter is used to measure -------
---------------.
• A. Radiation Intensity .
• B. Radiated Voltage
• C. Radiated Power
• D. Radiation resistance.
• 83.The stroboscope is used to measure
• A. Speed . B. Frequency C. Both D. None.
• 84.Q meter is used to measure
• A. Inductance . B. Capacitance C. Both
D. None.
• 85.A wave meter is used to measure ----------------------
--.
• A. Frequency B. Power C. Voltage D. all.
• 86.A metal wire bolometer is referred as
• A. Barretter. B. Senistor C. Thermistor D. None.
• 87.A thermopile is
• A. Thermocouple is series .
• B. Thermistors in series
• C. A&B
• D. None.
• 88.Directional couplers are used to measure
• A. Power . B. Current C. Frequency D. None.
• 89. The bridge used to determine the frequency is
• a. Anderson b. De sauty c. Wien bridge d.
Campbell.
• 90.In an Anderson bridge the unknown inductance is
measured in terms of
• a.Resistance b. Capacitance c. Capacitance and
resistance d. none.
• 91.The speed of the meter disc on full load is kept
lowest possible because.
• a.To reduce friction error b. Reduce eddy current errr
• 92. The voltage coil of a single phase house energy
meter is highly
• a.Resistive b. Inductive c. Capacitive d. None.
• 93. The primary current in CT is dictated by
• a.Secondary burden b. Core of the transformer c.
Load current d. None.
• 94. To measure very high frequency in Mhz we use --
-- instrument.
• a.MI b. thermo couple c. Hot wire d. None.
• 95.The deflecting torque of Induction ammeter is
proportional to
• a. I2 b. I3 c. √I d. None.
• 96. Which of the following meter does not exhibit the
square law response .
• a. MC b. MI c. Electro dynamo meter d. Hot wire.
• 97. Electrodynamo type meter is used for
measurements on
• a.AC b. DC c. AC & DC d. None.
• 98. For a sensitive galvanometer the type of support
used is
• a.Suspension b. Taut suspension c. Unipivot
suspension d. none.
• 99. Preferred material for permanent magnet is
• a.Stainless steel b. ALNICO c. Tungsten steel
d. soft iron .
• 100. Which of the following is an integrating type
meter.
• Key
• 1A 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 B 9 A 10 A 11 C 12 A 13 A 14
A 15 A 16 C 17 A 18 A 19 C 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 C 25 B
26 A 27 A 28 A 29 C 30 A 31 A 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 A 36 A
37 A 38 A 39 A 40 A 41 C 42 B 43 B 44 A 45 D 46 D 47 A
48 C 49 A 50 D 51 D 52 B 53 A 54A 55B 56 C 57 A 58 D
59D 60C 61 A62D63B 64 D 65 D 66A 67 A 68 B 69 A 70
C 71 B 72 C 73 A74 A 75 A 76 B 77 A 78 A 79 A 80 A 81 A
82 A 83 A 84 A 85 A 86 A 87 A 88 A 89 C 90 C 91 C 92 B
93 C 94 B 94 A 96A 97 C 98 A 99 B 100 D.