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Catalyzed Reactions
Dr. Saleha Shamsudin
Introduction
Classification of enzymes according to the
reaction catalyzed and how enzymes work.
Enzymes
• There are many chemical compounds in the
living cell.
• How they are manufactured and combined at
sufficient reaction rates under relatively mild
temperature and pressure?
• How does the cell select exactly which
reactants will be combined and which
molecule will be decomposed?
• The answer is catalysis by enzyme.
Enzymes
•Enzymes are biological catalysts that are protein molecules in
nature- react in mild condition
Type of Activation
catalysis energy
Uncatalyzed 18
reaction at kcal/mol
20°C
Enzymatically 7 kcal/mol
catalyzed
(catalase)
Chemically 13
catalysed (by kcal/mol
collodial Enzyme lower the activation energy of the reaction by binding
platinum) the substrate and forming an enzymes-substrate complex.
Important terms (Enzyme)
• active site - a region of an enzyme comprised of
different amino acids where catalysis occurs or a
small portion of the surface of an enzyme which a
specific chemical reaction is catalyzed
• substrate - the molecule being utilized and/or
modified by a particular enzyme at its active site
• co-factor - organic or inorganic molecules that are
required by some enzymes for activity. These
include Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and larger molecules
termed co-enzymes like nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+), coenzyme A, and many
vitamins.
Important terms (Enzyme)
• holoenzyme - a complete, catalytically active
enzyme including all co-factors OR an enzyme
containing a nonprotein group
• apoenzyme - the protein portion of a holoenzyme
minus the co-factors OR the protein part of
holoenzyme (holoenzyme=apoenzyme+cofactor)
• isozyme - (or iso-enzyme) an enzyme that
performs the same or similar function of another
enzyme that occur in several different molecular
forms.
Nomenclature of enzyme
Originally enzymes were given nondescriptive names such as:
rennin : curding of milk to start cheese-making processor
pepsin : hydrolyzes proteins at acidic pH
trypsin : hydrolyzes proteins at mild alkaline pH