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R
I1
I2 e2
R
I3
e3
R
V n 0 I in I out
loop
Devices
• Capacitors:
Purpose is to store charge (energy).
• We have calculated the capacitance of a system
• We had to modify Gauss' Law to account for bulk
matter effects (dielectrics) … C = kC0
• We calculated effective capacitance of series or
parallel combinations of capacitors
dQ
Note: I UNIT: Ampere = A = C/s
dt
V
R
I
V
slope = R
How to calculate the resistance?
Include “resistivity” of material
I Include geometry of resistor
Resistance R
I I
• What about acceleration?
• V E-field constant force eE on
electrons constant acceleration V
ever-increasing currents
• These very large currents and “funny” I(V) do not occur.
• Charges are ballistically accelerated, but scatter in a very
short time (t = 10-14 s) from things that get in the way
– defects, lattice vibrations (phonons), etc.
R
V V
UNIT: OHM = W
I
a) R1 > R2 b) R1 = R2 c) R1 < R2
a) v1 > v2 b) v1 = v2 c) v1 < v2
Resistors a
in Series I
Va Vb IR1 Vb Vc IR2 b
Va Vc I ( R1 R2 ) R2
a c
Whenever devices are in SERIES, the
current is the same through both !
Hence: Reffective ( R1 R2 ) c
Another (intuitive) way…
R1
Consider two cylindrical resistors with
lengths L1 and L2 L1
L1
R1 V
A
L2
R2 L2
A R2
Put them together, end to end to make a longer one...
L1 L2
Reffective R1 R2
A
R R1 R2
Preflight 9:
a) V2 = E b) V2 = 1/2 E c) V2 = 1/3 E
The World’s Simplest (and most useful) circuit:
Voltage Divider
V0
R1
V ?
V V0
V IR2 R2
R2 R1 R2
R2 R1 V=0
V0
By varying R2 we can R2 R1 V=
controllably adjust 2
the output voltage!
R2 R1 V=V0
Kirchhoff’s First Rule
“Loop Rule” or “Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)”
"When any closed circuit loop is traversed, the algebraic
sum of the changes in potential must equal zero."
KVL: V
loop
n 0
e1 I
R1 R2 e2
1 e IR1 IR2 e
2 0
Rules of the Road
Our convention:
• Voltage gains enter with a + sign, and voltage drops enter with a sign.
• We choose a direction for the current and move around the circuit in that
direction.
• When a battery is traversed from the negative terminal to the positive
terminal, the voltage increases, and hence the battery voltage enters KVL
with a + sign.
• When moving across a resistor, the voltage drops, and hence enters KVL
with a sign.
e1 I
R1 R2 e2
1e IR1 IR2 e
2 0
I I
c d e
R2 e2 R3
KVL: V
loop
n 0 IR1 IR2 e 2 IR3 IR4 e1 0
e1 e 2
I
R1 R2 R3 R4
2
• Consider the circuit shown.
– The switch is initially open and the current R 12V
flowing through the bottom resistor is I0. a I
– After the switch is closed, the current 12V 12V
R
flowing through the bottom resistor is I1.
– What is the relation between I0 and I1? b
12V I1R = 0
I1 = 12V/R
Summary