Animal Cells, Tissues, and Organs - Exercise 12

Objectives

-Know the four main types of human tissues

-Be able to identify various tissues.
-You have to learn how to distinguish tissues.
-Know the three different types of white blood cells.
1. What is the difference between simple and stratified
epithelium?

2. Name two examples of connective tissue that you

observed in lab that have a hard and dense matrix?

3. Name two examples of connective tissue that you

observed that have a soft and watery matrix.

4. What is the function of a neuron?

5. What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)?

6. What are the scientific names for the three types of
cells in blood?
7. What is released by basophils to stimulate
inflammatory response?
8. What part of the blood is used for DNA
fingerprinting?
9. What muscle tissue branches?
10. What muscle tissue is involuntary and lines
digestive tract?
11. What type of epithelium tissue is found inside the
cheek?
12. What is adipose?
13. What are the four types of animal tissue?
14. How is an organ different from a tissue?
15. How is an organ system different from an organ?
Most multicellular animals exhibit the
organization of cells into special types of
cells called tissues. In turn, tissues are
organized into organs, and organs into organ
systems.
Although tissue organization is found in both
plants and animals, the types of animal tissue
are not the same as those found in plants.
For example, plants do not have muscle or
nervous tissue.
• What are the four main tissue types in an animal?
• What are the four main tissues in a human?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve
tissues.

• If your going to take Anatomy and Physiology this is

going to come back, so keep this in the back of your
head.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue: This type of tissue covers the
exterior of the body and lines all internal spaces,
tubes, and cavities. Epithelial tissue
protects the underlying tissues from
dehydration and mechanical damage,
regulates the passage of materials,
may secrete materials into a space, cavity or
tube,
may absorb materials from a space, cavity, or
tube, and
may provide sensory functions.
• Epithelium is classified according to the shape of its cells. There are 3
types of cell shapes. Major types of epithelial tissues:
• Squamos (simple or stratified) à think of “squish” or FLAT

• Cuboidal (simple or stratified) à think of “cube” or SQUARE shaped

• Columnar (simple) just as the words sounds . . . COLUMN

• How do you differentiate between simple vs. stratified epithelium?

• Simple this is simple so there is only ONE layer

• Stratified opposite of simple . . . so it’s complicated or MULTIPLE layers

• Pseudostratified columnar à tricky! It looks like it is stratified, but

remember to look for the nuclei at different levels. SO IN reality this is a
simple Columnar epithelium.
 Epithelial tissue
• Simple (single layer)
cuboidal (cube shape)

• Simple columnar (single

layer of column shape)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Kidney
Tubules

Identify: Cuboidal cell, nucleus

Stratified Squamos Epithelium - Esophagus

Identify: Stratified Squamos

Epithelium & nucleus
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium - Trachea
Identify: Cilia, goblet cells
, columnar cell, nucleus.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium - Trachea
Connective Tissue
This what it sounds like it connects everything
together.
It’s a diverse group of animal tissue which includes
cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, blood, and fat.
They support the body,
hold tissues and organs together,
defend the body, and store food.
The cells are not tightly packed, but rather are
typically suspended and scattered in an extensive
extracellular matrix
• Loose connective tissue (under skin and
epithelial tissue)
The classification of connective tissue is based more on
function and the nature of the matrix (liquid, fibery, solid) than
on the morphology of the cells themselves.
 Cartilage - Trachea

Identify: Chondrocyte,
,lacuna, matrix, & nucleus.
Bone (Osseous Tissue) – Ground Bone

Identify: Haversion canal,

Osteocytes, matrix, & canaliculi
 Bone
• Haversian canal
with blood vessel
and nerve
• Lacuna openings
with osteocytes in
them
• Calcium carbonate
matrix
Bone (Osseous Tissue) – Ground Bone
Blood – Red Blood Cell aka Erythrocytes (RBC)
& White Blood Cell aka leucocytes (WBC)
Leukocytes: White blood cells
Blood – WBC - Neutrophils

Multi-lobed nucleus in which the

individual lobes may be connected.
Blood – WBC - Monocyte

Single curved or horse-shoe

shaped nucleus.
Blood – WBC - Lymphocyte

Nucleus is very
large and
occupies more
than 85-90%.
Some are called B
cells and produce
antibodies, and
help with
immunity.
 Blood:
Erythrocytes,
red blood cells

• Hemoglobin carries oxygen

• No nucleus
• Made in bone marrow
 Thrombocytes: platelets
• Platelets adhering to damaged vessel
Blood composition
• RBC (hematocrit)
40%
• WBC 1%
• Platelets 1%
• Plasma 58%
Adipose Tissue (fat)

Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole.

 Areolar Tissue
Identify: Matrix, collagenous fibers = light pink threads,
elastic fibers = hair like structures, fibroblast = cell.
Areolar Tissue
Muscle Tissue
 The functions of muscle (contractile) tissue are
 to move material within the body,
move body parts, or
move the entire organism in space.
All muscle cells execute their function by
contracting.
There are three types of muscle tissue:
 Skeletal muscle,
 Smooth muscle, and
 cardiac muscle.
3 types of
muscle
tissue:
skeletal,
smooth,
cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
Identify: Striations = black lines,
nuclei = black dots, & fiber aka skeletal
muscle cells = whole pink/red structure.
Skeletal Muscle
Identify: Striations = black lines,
nuclei = black dots, & fiber aka skeletal
muscle cells = whole pink/red structure.
It’s smooth because its missing
striations, but it has all
components of muscle cells. Smooth Muscle -Circular layer of smooth muscle =
innermost layer (thickest)

-longitudinal layer of smooth muscle =

outermost layer

Identify: Cell membrane, nucleus

Nervous Tissue
This is composed of
neurons that transmit nerve impulses and
neuroglial cells that support and nourish
the neurons.

Nervous tissue functions in the

coordination of the activities of the
organism.
Nervous Tissue = neurons – Spinal Cord
Identify: Cell body, nucleus,
nucleolus, cytoplasmic
extension, neuroglial cell.
 Schwann cells
make up the
myelin sheath.
Impulse jumps
from node to
node
Neurotransmitter crosses synapse
 Sperm Cells
Identify: Sperm head & flagellum
Genetic Fingerprinting
1. What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?
Simple is one layered while stratified is multiple layered.

2. Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed in lab

that have a hard and dense matrix? Bone and cartilage.

3. Name two examples of connective tissue that you observed that

have a soft and watery matrix. Blood, lymph, or Areolar

4. What is the function of a neuron? Send nerve impulses

throughout body.

5. What is the main function of glial cells (neuroglia)? To maintain

the neuron, clean it, feed it, and do everything for them.
6. What are the scientific names for the
three types of cells in blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes,
thrombocytes
7. What is released by basophils to
stimulate inflammatory response?
histamine
8. What part of the blood is used for DNA
fingerprinting? White blood cells
9. What muscle tissue branches? Cardiac
muscle
10.What muscle tissue is involuntary and
lines digestive tract? Smooth muscle
6. What type of epithelium tissue is found inside
the cheek? Squamous
7. What is adipose? Fat or loose
connective tissue composed of adipocytes
8. What are the four types of animal tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
tissues
9. How is an organ different from a tissue? Organ
is group of different tissues while tissues is a
group of similar cells.
10.How is an organ system different from an
organ? Organ system is a group of different
organs while organs is a group of different
tissues that function together .