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ROAD SIGNS and

PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Comprehensive Training for DPWH Field Engineers
DO NO. 41 S2012 – ADOPTION OF THE
REVISED MANUAL ON DPWH HIGHWAY
SAFETY DESIGN STANDARDS
WHAT IS A ROAD SIGN?
It is a device mounted on a fixed support (permanent
signs) or portable support (temporary signs) whereby a
specific message is conveyed by means of words or
symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating,
warning or guiding traffic.
GENERAL SHAPES FOR ROAD
SIGNS
• The octagon is reserved exclusively for the
STOP sign;
• The equilateral triangle, with one point
vertically downward is reserved for the GIVE
WAY sign;
• The circle symbol is mainly used for
regulatory signs;
• The circle symbol may sometimes be
mounted on a rectangular base either for
easy recognition or for additional
information
GENERAL SHAPES FOR ROAD
SIGNS
• The equilateral triangle with one point
vertically upward is used for warning signs;
• The rectangle usually with long axis
horizontal is used for directional signs,
service signs, road work signs, signs for
special purpose, and supplementary plates
for warning signs
GENERAL SHAPES FOR ROAD
SIGNS
• The rectangle, usually with long axis vertical
is generally used for facility information
signs, instruction signs, guide signs and
destination of point of interest;
• The pentagon, with point up is used only for
pedestrian and school crossing sign
STANDARD COLOR FOR ROAD
SIGNS
Used as background color for sign related to pedestrian
Used as background
movement, school zones, & Road work hazard markers.
color for service
signs
Used as background color for roadwork signs whose
legends relate to personnel working Used as background
color for directional
Used as a background for STOP signs, as border color on signs
GIVE WAY signs, warning signs and prohibitive signs in
the regulatory type
Used as
Used as a legend color for signs having white, yellow, background color
orange, flourescent orange, flourescent yellow green for tourist signs
background and as chevron for hazard markers. only
Used as background color for most signs and legends for
some colored background

Used as background color for roadwork signs


CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);
• Warning Signs (Type W);
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G);
• Signs for Expressways (Type GE);
• Signs for Special Purposes (Type S); and,
• Hazard Markers (Type HM).
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);
are those which require driver’s compliance.

informs road users of traffic rules and regulations, that if


disregarded, will constitute an offense.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);

STOP SIGN (R1-1)


Purpose & Application: At an intersection where a complete stop is required by law for safety
Location:
• On 2-way road, on right side facing approaching traffic and as close as practicable to point of
stop( ≤ 9m from edge of intersecting carriageway);
• On 1-way road, both sides facing approaching traffic;
• Supplemented by a stop line;
• For road intersecting at acute angle, the sign shall not be visible on the through road
• Also used at railway crossings, movable gates or barriers
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);

GIVE WAY SIGN (R1-2)


Purpose & Application: At intersections where there is a need to resolve
uncertainty as to which traffic is required to give way to another
Location:
Channelized intersections, median openings, and roundabout;
At one end of short sections of 1-lane road inc. 1-lane bridges
Erected on both sides facing approaching traffic
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);

PROHIBITION OF OVERTAKING (R3-16)


Purpose & Application: To forbid overtaking in No Overtaking Zones
Location:
Normally used to supplement double yellow lane marking;
On narrow bridges and short sections of 1-lane carriageway having width
less than 5.0 m;
Also for width less than 5.5 m if commercial vehicles constitute more than
⅓ of the traffic, or if the alignment is poor
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);

PEDESTRIAN CROSSING (R6-8)


Unlike the pedestrian crossing warning sign (W6-1) which is placed in
advance, R6-8 is a regulatory sign to be placed at the stop lines or at the
approaches to a zebra pedestrian crossing
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);

SCHOOL CHILDREN CROSSING (R6-9)


Unlike the Children warning sign (W6-2) which is placed in advance, R6-9 is a
regulatory sign to be placed at the stop lines on the approaches to a marked
School Children crossing.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Regulatory Signs (Type R);
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)
Signs that are used to warn motorists of potentially
hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road.
A warning sign should not be used when drivers can observe
and appreciate the potential hazard ahead under normal
conditions.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT SIGNS (W1)


CURVE SIGN (W1-3)
• Used in advance of a substandard curve or a curve that may not be
evident to the motorist in the course of his travel along a reasonable
straight section of the road;
• An advisory speed plate can be used to supplement the intention of the
sign (see W8-1)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT SIGNS (W1)


SHARP TURN REVERSE CURVE HAIRPIN BEND
(W1-1) (W1-4) (W1-6)

REVERSE TURN WINDING ROAD


(W1-2) (W1-5)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

INTERSECTION & JUNCTION SIGNS (W2)


CROSS ROAD SIGN (W2-1)
• Generally used where sight distance on the approach to an intersection is less than
the safe stopping distance or where drivers may have difficulty appreciating the
presence of intersection ahead;
• Generally shall not be used where STOP, GIVE WAY or traffic signals are installed;
• Used in advance of an intersection where 2 roads cross at a common point;
• This sign shall not be used on a side road to a controlled intersection
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

INTERSECTION & JUNCTION SIGNS (W2)


T&Y
Other Cross Road Signs
Junction
(W2-2 and W2-3)
Signs

Priority Road Signs Roundabout


(W2-8, W2-9 and W2-10) (W2-7)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

ROAD WIDTH SIGNS (W4)


NARROW BRIDGE SIGN (W4-1)
• Used on approaches to all road bridges having a width between curbs of;
• 5.5m or less;
• Between 5.5m and 6.0m in exceptional cases of high speed sections of
road with heavy traffic volumes; or
• Less than that of the approach pavement regardless of width
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

ROAD WIDTH SIGNS (W4)


DIVIDED ROAD SIGN (W4-2)
Used to warn motorists of the approach to a divided road when the median
island is more than 300.0 m in length
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

ROAD WIDTH SIGNS (W4)

Road Narrows End Divided Road


(W4-2) (W4-4)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

ROAD OBSTACLE SIGNS (W5)


Uneven Road Steep Descent Spillway Slippery
(W5-2) (W5-4) (W5-6) (W5-9)

Hump Steep Climb Falling Rocks Animal Crossing


(W5-3) (W5-5) (W5-8) (W5-10)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

PEDESTRIAN & SCHOOL SIGNS (W6)


PEDESTRIAN CROSSING AHEAD (W6-1 or W6-1P)

These signs are interchangeable and used to warn motorist of


the presence of pedestrians who may be crossing the road
ahead regardless whether there is a designated crossing;
(for a designated zebra crossing use R6-8 sign)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

PEDESTRIAN & SCHOOL SIGNS (W6)


CHILDREN CROSSING AHEAD (W6-1)

This sign is used to warn motorists of the presence of school


children, who may be crossing the road ahead regardless of
whether there is a designated school crossing
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Warning Signs (Type W)

PEDESTRIAN & SCHOOL SIGNS (W6)


CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• Inform road users about the direction and distances of destinations
on the route they are following or along other roads that intersect
their route.
• They also supply information to identify points of geographical or
historical interest and give directions to rest areas, camping or
parking areas.
• Guide sign should be limited to the number of words a driver can
read and in time he can turn his attention from the road to the sign.
• Sign should carry not more than three lines of legends or three
destination names.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
Colors
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• Letter Series
Series A & B Are not used on signs which have to be used for
moving vehicles as the legibility distances are small
letters
Series C Used only for special cases

Series D, E & Are commonly used as they provide the best


E mod legibility and aesthetics

Is not often used on large signs due to wide space


Series F requirement
Letter Series
Series A Series B
Series C Series D

Series E Series F Mod Series E


CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
• INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS
• REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
• TOURIST INFORMATION AND TOURIST DESTINATION
SIGNS
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
Used in advance of an intersection to indicate destinations
along each route leading away from the intersection
providing prior information of the routes ahead by showing
place, names, arrows, symbols and instructions to indicate
directions.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
Stack Signs Diagrammatic Signs
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS
Supplements advance Direction signs and should be placed
at more important intersections or decision points to show
where the intersecting road leads.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS
May be used beyond intersections to reassure motorists
who are travelling towards their intended and to indicate the
distances to the desired destination.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Guide Signs or Informative Signs (Type G)
• TOURIST INFORMATION AND TOURIST DESTINATION
SIGNS
May be erected on an arterial road to denote places of
public, scenic, historic or cultural interest that are
recognized by the appropriate authority and through which
the road passes.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
• Used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked
change in the direction of travel and the presence of an
obstruction.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)

HM 1
Width Markers

HM 2

One-Way Hazard Markers Two-Way Hazard Markers


CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
One-Way Hazard Markers (HM1)

• To delineate abrupt narrowing of pavement


• Exposed ends of median islands
• Central islands of roundabout
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
One-Way Hazard Markers
Chevron Signs (HM-1A/HM-1B)
• The point of arrow shall indicate the direction of travel;
• Shall be visible for at least 150m from the curve;
• The minimum lateral offset shall be 1.8m;
• Shall be aligned at right angle to the driver’s line of sight;
• Spacing should allow the driver to see at
least 3 signs while negotiating the curve;
• Installed at 1.5m above the ground (rural)
and 2.2m (urban)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
One-Way Hazard Markers
Chevron Signs (HM-1A/HM-1B)
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
Two-Way Hazard Markers (HM-4A/HM-4B/HM-5)

• To delineate an exposed obstruction at


which traffic may pass to either side.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD
SIGNS
• Hazard Markers (Type HM)
Width Markers (HM-6)_

• To delineate an exposed obstruction at


which traffic may pass to either side.
ROAD SIGNS LATERAL
PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

Single Post Support Signs – Urban Area


ROAD SIGNS LATERAL
PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

* 0.5 min if located in a median or traffic island

Two-Post Support Signs – Urban Area


ROAD SIGNS LATERAL
PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

Normal Two-Post Support Signs – Rural Area


ROAD SIGNS LATERAL
PLACEMENT AND HEIGHT

Rural Locations with Guard Rails


ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)
1. CONSPICUOUS – Easily Seen
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)

1st C – Are these signs


CONSPICUOUS?
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)
1. CONSPICUOUS – Easily Seen
2. CLEAR – Legible, can be read in ample time
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)

2nd C – Is this sign


CLEAR?
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)
1. CONSPICUOUS – Easily Seen
2. CLEAR – Legible, can be read in ample time
3. COMPREHENSIBLE – Understood
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)

3rd C – Is this sign


COMPREHENSIBLE?
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)
1. CONSPICUOUS – Easily Seen
2. CLEAR – Legible, can be read in ample time
3. COMPREHENSIBLE – Understood
4. CREDIBLE - Believed
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)

4th C – Is this sign


CREDIBLE?
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)
1. CONSPICUOUS – Easily Seen
2. CLEAR – Legible, can be read in ample time
3. COMPREHENSIBLE – Understood
4. CREDIBLE – Believed
5. CONSISTENT – Same signs/symbols for same message
ROAD SIGNING PRINCIPLE
(5C)

5th C – Is this sign


CONSISTENT with the
standards?
EXAMPLES OF
UNDESIRABLE PRACTICES
SIGNS MUST BE CONSPICUOUS AND
COMPREHENSIVE
STANDARD SIGN
STANDARD SIGN
Sta r
L a u re l

STANDARD SIGN
60
LACK OF
MAINTENANCE
School Children Crossing Sign (R6-9)
-A regulatory sign placed at the stop
lines or at the approaches to a marked
School Children crossing

Children Crossing Warning Sign (W6-2)


-Used to warn motorist of the presence
of school children
-Installed at least 75.0m from marked
pedestrian crossing (rural area)
Reassurance Direction Sign (G-3)
-Placed beyond intersection to reassure
drivers of distances to destinations
-- The names shall appear in order of
their distances with the shortest on top

Intersection Direction Sign (G-2)


-Placed at intersection to
supplement G-1
-- provide information where the
intersecting roads lead

Advance Direction Sign (G-1)


-Used in advance (about 75 –
100m)
-- provide information of routes
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• Take the form of lines, symbols, messages, or numerals and
may be set into the surface of, applied upon, or attached to
the pavement.
• Used as a supplement to other traffic control devices, such
as traffic signals and road signs.
• May simply guide traffic or guide advance warning or they
may impose restrictions supported by traffic regulations.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• OTHER LINES
• OTHER MARKINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• Separation Lines (Center Line)
• Used to separate opposite traffic
movements of undivided roadway
and is generally placed centrally
on all roads and bridges 6.0m or
more in width.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• Lane Lines
Used to separate adjacent lanes of
traffic moving in the same direction.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• Barrier Lines
DOUBLE UNBROKEN YELLOW LINE - used only where
overtaking from both directions of the road and all crossing
movements are prohibited

SINGLE UNBROKEN YELLOW LINE - used where


overtaking from both directions of the road are prohibited,
however, crossing movements are permitted

COMBINATION OF AN UNBROKEN YELLOW LINE AND A


WHITE SEPARATION LINE - same as double unbroken yellow line
for vehicles proceeding in the direction where the unbroken yellow
line appears on the right of the markings, but vehicles on the other
direction are permitted to cross the line.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• Edge Lines
• Used to delineate the edge of the
travelled way to distinguish it from
the shoulder area.
Purposes:
• To discourage travel on shoulders;
• To make driving safer and more assured,
particularly at night and during inclement weather
by providing a continuous guide for the driver
• To act as guide past objects which are close to
the edge of the pavement and which constitute a
hazard;
• To prevent parking at or near intersections.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• LONGITUDINAL LINES
• Transition Lines
• Used to delineate the edge of the travelled
way to distinguish it from the shoulder area.
Used to guide traffic safely past obstructions
on roadways such as islands, median strips,
bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of
the travelled portion of the roadway and an
increase or reduction in traffic lanes.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• Stop Line
Should be placed across appropriate
portion of the roadway at positions where
vehicles are required to sop in compliance
with a stop sign, traffic signals, or any other
legal requirement.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• Give Way Line
Markings consisting of a two adjacent
broken white lines across the carriageway
at which the divers must give way to all
traffic in accordance with R1-2 (Give Way
Sign).
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• Pedestrian Crossing
Unsignalized Pedestrian Crossing Zebra Type – Longitudinal Bar

Category Speed <60kph Speed >60kph


A 300 mm 600 mm
B 300 mm 600 mm
C (min) 4.0 m 4.0 m
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• Pedestrian Crossing
Unsignalized Pedestrian Crossing Zebra Type – Staggered Bar

Category Speed Speed


<60kph >60kph
A 300 mm 600 mm
B 300 mm 600 mm
C (min) 4.0 m 4.0 m
CLASSIFICATION OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• TRANSVERSE LINES
• Pedestrian Crossing
Signalized Pedestrian Crossing Crosswalk Type
MATERIALS USED FOR
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Paint Products
• Water Borne
• Thermoplastic
• Cold Applied Plastic
• Pre-cut Sheeting
Glass Beads
• Drop on / Intermix
• Pre-mixed
STANDARD COLOR OF
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
White markings are used with the following exceptions
Yellow
• Double Yellow (“no passing”)
• Unbroken portion of no passing
• On islands and other obstructions in line of traffic in combination with
alternating black markings
• Bus & PUJ separation lines
• Keep Intersection Open Markings
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION CAN AFFECT
THE VISIBILITY OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS
PROBLEMS WITH BLACKENING OF
OLD MARKINGS
WHAT IS THE STANDARD?

YELLOW MARKING WHITE MARKING


BARRIER MARKINGS SUBSTANDARD
LENGTH (INEFFECTIVE)

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